Butts brought ejectment against Hackney, deriving his title from a patent issued by the United States to one Hickey on the first of November, 1875, and a deed from Hickey and wife to the plaintiff, bearing date November 13, 1877. The defendant put in an answer, settingup title in his wife, who was thereupon made a party defendant. Her chain of title consisted of:
1. A letter of attorney from Hickey, the patentee, to *396Ed. Green, dated January 6, 1876, expressed to be for valuable consideration and irrevocablé, authorizing his said attorney in fact to sell and convey all lands then owned or thereafter to be acquired by him, and particularly his title to eighty acres of land under the act of congress of June-8, 1872, and the amendatory act of March 3, 1873, entitling him as a discharged soldier in the army of the United States to eighty acres of land in addition to his homestead,, which he had entered and perfected previous to that time,,
2. A deed of conveyance made by Green to one Kline, dated December 7, 1875 ; and
3. A deed from Kline and wife to Mrs. Hackney, of date-September 6, 1875.
The deed from Green to Kline does not purport to have been executed in the name of Hickey, nor by Green as attorney of Hickey; and indeed it could not, since its execution preceded the making of the power of attorney.
But the defendants alleged, in support of their title, that Mrs. Hackney was in possession of the premises at the time-the plaintiff received his deed, and that he had both actual and constructive notice of her possession and title, and knew that the deed by Green to Kline was intended to be made by virtue of said power, and upon a valuable consideration , but the same failed to show on its face that it was-executed by the attorney in fact for Hickey, and also omitted to state the consideration paid by Kline. And it was-prayed that the contract under which Mrs. Hackney purchased might be specifically performed and that the possession of the defendants might be quieted. To this answer the plaintiff demurred, because if invoked the equitable jurisdiction of the court to compel the specific performance of a contract when the pai’ties to the contract were not before the court, and because the court was asked to execute a power which the donee of the power had never attempted to execute.
*397Green and Hickey were then, by order of court, on defendants’ motion, made co-plaintiffs, and the cause was transferred to equity. By consent the ■plaintiffs entered in ¡short upon the record a general denial of the allegations ■contained in the answer and counter-claim.
Upon these pleadings and exhibits and depositions taken ■on both sides, the cause was heard. And the court decreed the property to Butts.
The plaintiff, being armed with the legal title, must prewail unless the defendants can show a prior right and a superior equity. Woodruff v. Core, 23 Ark., 341; Paty v. Harrell, 24 Id., 40; McIver v. Williams, Ib., 33; Schaer v. Gliston, Ib., 137.
1. Title to law: Contest between legal and equitable.; ' The instrument standing at the head of the defendant’s ■chain of title contains no words of conveyance, but it is a simple power to sell and convey in the name and behalf of the constituent. In consideration of twenty dollars paid ■down, it is agreed that the power vested in the attorney in fact shall never be revoked and, in favor of said attorney, all ■claim to the proceeds of sale is renounced. It is contended that this instrument, while it may not be effectual to carry the legal title, was yet good as a covenant to stand seized to uses and that the statute of uses executed the use and vested the title in the person beneficially interested. And Stierman v. Cravens, 29 Ark., 558 is cited as decisive of the question.
We are satisfied that Hickey signed the power of attorney, but are not so sure that he knew what he was doing. 'Green and he were total strangers to each other, although both resided in the same county. Green, testifying long afterwards, says he never saw Hickey in his life, and he did ■not understand that he had been named as attorney in fact, but thought the instrument was a deed of conveyance. Hickey says he had no business transactions with Greene, and denies that he ever sold -his additional homestead right *398to anyone except Butts. In this connection may be noticed1 the following paper, which was produced in evidence :
“Received of Kline and Greene my patent for the southwest quarter of the northeast quarter and the southwest of the northwest, section fourteen, township ten, north of range twenty-one west, and the north half of southwest quarter of section nine, in township nine, north of range twenty-four west, which I have sold to Ed. Greene.
L, H. Hickey.”
The tract last above.described is the land in controversy»
Now Hickey, as we infer, was an illiterate man. He says he can read writing tolerably 'well. Kline does not know whether Hickey can read writing or not, but knows he can write. Kline was a claim agent employed by Hickey to procure-his bounty, back pay and additional homestead, and Greene-was a partner of Kline. The power of attorney and the foregoing receipt were signed on the same day. Several other papers, relating to business which Kline had in hand, were signed by Hickey on that day. Hickey says the signature to the power of attorney and the receipt resemble his handwriting and he cannot swear positively that he never signed them ; that Kline read aloud to him some of the papers that were to be signed, and may have read all of them; that at the time he signed the receipt for his patent, he was not aware it contained anything about a sale of land' to ’ Greene ; that he has no recollection of reading the receipt, but never would have signed it had he known the-contents.
This power of attorney to Kline’s partner purports to-have been acknowledged before Kline, who was a notary public. In fact, it was as much for Kline’s benefit as it. was for Greene’s. It was Kline who advanced the twenty dollars, if any money was paid. He did not inform his client that he had, four months before, sold and conveyed this *399land to Mrs. Hackney for $115, and had received the consideration money.
The whole transaction wears too questionable a shape and is surrounded with too many suspicious circumstances for us to overturn a direct legal title in order to give effect to the defendant’s equities. Greene was not Hickey’s attorney in fact when he conveyed to Kline, nor when Kline conveyed to Mrs. Hackney, nor is there any clause in the letter of attorney, which, by intendment, can be construed to ratify a previous sale of the land.
how to'tie-executed agent, And moreover, Greene’s deed is not executed in the name . " of his principal, but m his own name, This is a fatal jection according to all the adjudged cases. Thus in Combe’s Case, 9 Coke, 76 b, “it was resolved that when any has authority, as attorney, to do any act, he ought to do it in his name who gives the authority; for he appoints the attorney to be in his place, and to represent his person ; and therefore the attorney cannot do it in his own name, nor as his proper act, but in the name and as the act of him who gives the authority.” This case has never been shaken from that day to this, but on the contrary, the principle decided has become an established rule in the alienation of real estate. 3 Washburn on Real Prop., (3d Ed.), [*575]; Evans v. Wells, 22 Wendell, 325; Elwel v. Shaw, 16 Mass., 42; same case, 1 Am. Lead. Cas., [*596] and note.
In Lessee of Clark v. Courtney, 5 Pet., 349, Judge Story, commenting on the attempted execution of a power of attorney in the attorney’s own name, says: “The act does not therefore purport to be the act of the principals, but of the attorney. It is his deed and his seal, and not theirs,. This may savor of refinement, since it is apparent that the party intended to pass the interest and title of his principals. But the law looks not to the intent alone, but to the fact whether that intent has been executed in *400such a manner as to possess a legal validitj^. ”
This rule was followed and applied in this coúrt in State v. Jennings, 10 Ark., 428.
paroiev Mnd°prin° ■admissu Hickey’s name not being mentioned either in the body of the deed, or in the attestation of it, the deed has no operation against him; and parol evidence of an intention to bind him is not admissible.
s. trust: ofBp aroi buy land ,er-4 .Proof There was evidence conducing to show that Hackney had employed the plaintiff to buy Mrs. Hickey’s possibility of dower. And it was argued that the plaintiff had undertaken to perform a trust and ought not to be' permitted, to pury chase for his own benefit. Now this cannot be an express trust, since it is not declared by any writing. Neither can a trust result from the transaction, since Hackney did not furnish the purchase money. It is a mere violation of d parol agreement, for which it is well settled equity will not decree a purchaser to be a trustee. Bispham Principles of Bq., sec. 80. But it is unnecessary to consider this point. There was no averment in the answer that Butts, in purchasing, acted as Hackney’s agent. And proof without allegation is as bad as allegation without proof. Brodie v. 11 Ark., 134; Trapnall v. Burton, 24 Id., 371; Payne v. Flournoy, 29 Ark., 500; Piatt v. Vattier, 9 Pet., 402; Boone v. Chiles, 10 Id., 177; Wilcox v. Hunt, 13 Id., 378.
Let the decree be affirmed.