The sole question which we are called upon to decide is, whether the act of July 23, 1868, authorizing counties to subscribe stock in railroads, was duly and constitutionally passed.
The history of the law, as disclosed by the legislative journals, is as follows: The bill was introduced into the House of Representatives on July 17, 1868, and on July 20th it was read the first time. The rules were then suspended and the bill was read a second time. Several amendments were adopted, all of which were for the mere purpose of filling blanks, except one.
On July 21st the bill was, by unanimous consent, read the third .time by title and passed by a vote of 45 to 1; the yeas and-nays being entered on the journal.' On the same day the bill was transmitted to the Senate, where it received a first reading. Then, under a suspension of the rules, it was read the second and third times and passed by a unanimous vote; the names of those voting in the affirmative and of absentees being noted on the journal. The bill was afterwards presented to and approved by the Governor, was duly enrolled and deposited among the archives of. the State, was' published as a law and has been recognized and acted upon by all the *206departments of tbe government ever since. Under its authority, it is said, more than $1,000,000 of bonds have been issued by the various counties.
I. It is objected that the bill was not read three times in the House, as required by Sec. 21, Art. V Constitution of 1868, because the journal shows that the third reading was by title only.
The several stages through which a bill passed in Parliament before it became a law were established by usage.
. “ Before the invention ofprinting, and when-the art of reading was unknown to three-fourths of the deputies of the nation, to supply this deficiency it was directed that every bill should be read three times in the House. At the present day these three readings are purely nominal; the clerk confines himself to reading the title and the first words.” Bentham Pol. Tac., II, 353.
The Constitution provides that every bill should be read three times on different days in each House before the final passage thereof, unless two-thirds of the House where the same is pending, should dispense with the rules.
In Smithee v. Garth, 33 Ark., 17, the third reading of the bill in the House and the first reading in the Senate were by title only; and although the act was held invalid, it was not for this cause, but it was intimated that in such cases the journal should show a suspension of the rules. The inference is clear that, in the opinion of the Court., it was competent for the house in which a bill was pending, by a vote of the requisite majority, not only to order a second or third reading on the same day, but also to dispense with the reading of the bill by sections.
. In English v. Oliver, 28 Ark., 317, a law was assailed because the bill had not been read three times on differ*207ent days in tbe House of Representatives, nor bad tbe rules been suspended. Tbe journal failed to show that it bad been read a first and second time, but did sbow a third reading by title. The Court sustained tbe validity of tbe act upon tbe ground that a third reading necessarily implied two previous readings. If tbe proposition now contended for were true, tbe bill bad never been read at all in tbe House.
In Worthen v. Badgett, 32 Ark., 496, the last two readings in tbe Senate of tbe bill for tbe act of April 29, 1873, were by title; and yet tbe act was sustained.
So that it is no longer an open question that, under tbe Constitution of 1868, bills might be read by title under a suspension of tbe rules. Tbe rule is probably different-under tbe Constitution of 1874, which requires bills to be read at length. Art. V.. sec. 22.
II. But it is further contended that, supposing tbe bill might have been read by title under a suspension oí tbe rules, yet the rules were never actually suspended.
As tbe greater contains the less, unanimous consent is probably equivalent to a suspension of tbe rules, or implies it. But if this be not so, tbe Constitution, under which this legislation was bad, did not require tbe journal affirmatively to show a suspension of tbe rules. And for tbe purpose of upholding a law which appears upon tbe statute book, we will presume this was done. Vinsant v. Knox, 27 Ark., 278; English v. Oliver, 28 Id., 320; Worthen v. Badgett, 32 Id. 516.
III. A third objection was, that tbe bill was read for tbe first time in tbe Senate on the same day that it pass-x ed tbe House, without a suspension of tbe rules.
The Constitution does not mean that a bill can not be read in both bouses on tbe same day, unless tbe rules are suspended. Tbe design of all such restrictions is to pre*208vent hasty and improvident legislation by giving members time to inform themselves about measures pending before them. Nothing could be gained by having a day to intervene between the passage of an act in one house and its first reading, in the other. It would have passed from the consideration of the house in which it originated and it would not be before the other house at all until it had been once read.
Such a construction presupposes a knowledge by the members of either house of the proceedings in the other,1 which, in the nature of things, it is not to be expected that they should possess. In the matter • of the several readings, each house acts independently of, and without reference to, the other. But the point has perhaps already been settled by State v. Crawford, 35 Ark., 237, where the bill, it seems, was pending in both houses on the same day.
IY. The fourth proposition is, that the bill, approved the Governor and enrolled in the office of the Secretary of State, differs from the bill which passed the General Assembly. The alleged variance consists in this: the original draft of the bill and the bill as it was enrolled and approved by the Governor provided that the County Court should submit the question of subscription to a popular vote upon the joint application of the President and Directors of the rail-road company and one hundred voters of the county. It is claimed that an amendment in the house, substituting “or” for “and,” authorized the election to be ordered upon the petition either of the railroad company or of one hundred voters. This variance can be detected only by a comparison of the original draft and the journal of the House with the enrolled act.
*209It is contended, in support of the act, that the enrollment is conclusive and that the Courts can not go behind it to the journals or the original draft for the purpose of examining into the contents of a bill, or the passage of a law.
This is certainly the rule in England. The oldest case on the subject which we have been able to find is King v. Arundel, Hobart's Rep., 109, decided in 1616. There it was sought to get rid of a private act of Parliament, which had the Xing’s assent and the great seal, because it was not the act of the Lords and Commons. At the trial in the Court of Chancery, it was proposed to show by the journal of the Lords that a proviso had been passed as a part of the bill. The question thus arose on the admissibility of the journal to impeach the act. The Court examined the journals and could not find that the act had been passed by both houses and said: “But now supposing that the journal were every way full and perfect, yet it hath no power to satisfy, destroy or weaken the act, which, being a high record, must be tried only by itself, teste me ipso. Now journals are no records, but remembrances for forms of proceedings to the record; they are not of necessity, neither have they always been. They are like the dockets of the prothonotari.es, or the particular to the King’s patents.”
And so it was held that the Courts could not go behind the authentication of the act.
This case, it is,believed, has never been departed from in England and it has been followed by the Courts of last resort in many of the United States. Eld. v. Gorham, 20 Conn., 8; Green v. Weller, 82 Miss., 650; Swan v. Buck, 40 Miss., 269; Pacific R. Co. v. Governor, 23 Mo., 362; Duncombe v. Prindle, 12 Iowa, 1; State v. Young, 32 *210 N. J. Law, 29; Speer v. Plank Road Co., 22 Penn. St., 376; Evans v. Browne, 30 Ind., 514; Sherman v. Story, 30 Cal., 253; State v. Burt, 43 Cal., 560; Brodnax v. Groom, 64 N. C., 244; People v. Devlin, 33 N. Y., 269; People v. Commissioners, &e., 54 N. Y., 276; Fouke v. Fleming, 13 Md., 412; Mayor v. Harwood, 32 Md., 471; State v. Swift, 10 Nev., 176; Louisiana State Lottery v. Richoux, 23 La., Ann., 743.
But in some of these States, there have been oscillations of opinion on this vexed question, the effect, at least in part, of changes in the organic law. Brady v. West, 50 Miss., 68; State v. McBride, 4 Mo., 303; Bradley v. West, 60 Mo., 33; State v. Mead, 71 Mo., 266; People v. Purdy, 2 Hill, 31, and 4 Hill, 384; DeBow v. People, 1 Denio, 9; Commercial Bank v. Sparrow, 2 Den., 97; Thomas v. Dakin, 22 Wend., 9; Warner v. Beers, 23 Wend., 103; Hunt v. Van Alstyne, 25 Wend., 605; People v. Supervisors, 8 N. Y., 317; Berry v. Baltimore R. Co., 41 Md., 446; Legg v. Annapolis, 42 Md., 203; Southworth Bank v. Commonwealth, 26 Pa. St., 446.
The people of England have no written constitution defining and limiting the powers of their government. The Parliament being supreme, there can be no such thing as the passage of laws in an unconstitutional manner.
And the English rule is the safer in the absence of constitutional restraints upon the legislature in the mode of enacting laws. But to apply it in States whose constitutions contain minute directions about the formalities to be observed in the passage of laws, is to nullify provisions which were intended as safeguards against reckless and vicious legislation, however illusory such protection may prove to be. Thus the Constitution of 1868 ordains:
“EachHouse shall keep a journal of its proceedings *211and publish the same,” etc. “No bill * * * shall become a law without the concurrence of a majority of all the members voting. On the final passage of all bills the vote shall be taken by yeas and nays and entered on the journal.” “No act shall embrace more than one subject, which shall be embraced in its title.” “ No new bill shall be introduced into either House during the last three days of the session, without the unanimous consent ot the House in which it originated.” Art. V, Sections 16, 21, 22, 24.
Now, since the fundamental law declared that certain formal rules should be complied with before a bill came a law, and the appropriate office of the journal is to record the successive steps of legislative action, the inference is irresistible that this journal is evidence. Accordingly, in a majority of the States, where these fundamental requirements have been introduced, the possibility of overturning the statute roll by the journal exists. Sprangler v. Jacoby, 14 Ill., 297; Prescott v. Canal Co., 19 Id., 324; People v. Stearns, 35 Id. 121; Ryan v. Lynch, 68 Id., 160; Miller v. Goodwin, 70 Id., 659; South Ottawa v. Perkins, 94 U. S., 260; Trustees v. McCoughey, 2 Ohio St., 152; Fordyce v. Goodman, 20 Id., 1; Jones v. Hutchison, 43 Ala., 721; Mondy v. State, 48 Ala., 115; Osborne v. Staley, 5 W. Va., 85; Opinions of the Justices, 35 N. H., 579 and 52 N. H, 622; State v. Platt, 2 S. C., 150; Green v. Graves, 1 Doug., (Mich.) 351; Hurlburt v. Britain, 2 Doug., 191; People v. Mahaney, 13 Mich. 481; Supervisors v. Heenan, 2 Minn., 330; Commissioners v. Higginbotham, 17 Kas., 62; Hall v. Miller, 4 Neb., 505; Cottrell v. State, 9 Neb., 125.
This last has always been the rule in this State. Burr v. Ross, 19 Ark., 250; English v. Oliver, 28 Id., 321; Knox v. Vinsant, 27 Id., 266; State v. L. R., M. R. & T. Ry. Co., *21231 Id., 716; Worthen v. Badgett, 82 Id., 516; Smithee v. Garth, 33 Id., 17; State v. Crawford, 35 Id., 237.
But, at all events, it is urged that we cannot go behind the journals for the purpose of examining the draft of the bill. In Loften v. Watson, 32 Ark., 414 and in Haney v. State, 34 Ark., 263, this court did exlamine the original hills introduced into the Legislature.
The true rule upon this subject was enunciated in Gardner v. Collector, 6 Wall., 499 : “We are of opinion therefore, on principle as well as authority, that whenever a question arises in a court of law of the existence of a statute, or of the time when a statute took effect, or of the precise terms of a statute, the Judges who are called upon to decide have a right to resort to any source of information which, in its nature, is capable of conveying to the judicial mind a clear and satisfactory answer to such question; always seeking first for that which, in its nature, is most appropriate, unless the positive law has enacted a different rule.”
In that case only the date of the President’s approval of an Act of congress was in question. In Scott v. Clark Co., 34 Ark., 283, this rule was followed by this court.
The enrollment is a solemn record, and the existence of the act is to- be tried by the record, and is not to depend on the uncertainty of parol proof, or upon anything extrinsic to the law and the authenticated recorded proceedings in passing it. But the enrolled act is not the only record in the case. The inquiry may be carried back to the legislative journals and the records and .files of the office of the Secretary of State. In the Matter of Wellman, 20 Vt., 656.
The original draft of the bill comes before us certified by its proper custodian. See. 2731 of Gantt’s Digest provides :
*213“• The Secretary of State shall receive from the Secretary of the Senate and the Olerk of the House of Repretatives all the records, books, papers and rolls of- the General Assembly and file the same as records of his office.”
Section 2450: “ Copies of any act, resolution or order of the General Assembly, commissions or other official acts of the Governor, and of all rolls, records, documents, papers, bonds and recognizances deposited in the office of the Secretary of State, and required by law there to be kept, certified under his hand and seal of office, shall be received in evidence in the same manner and with like effect as the original.”
Sec. 2 of the original draft of the bill read thus: “Whenever the President and Directors of any such railroad shall make application to the County Court of any county for a subscription by such county to its stock, specifying the amount to be subscribed and the conditions of such subscription, and .... of the voters of the county shall petition the Court for such purpose,” &c.
The only word on the tenth line was the word “and:” the remainder of the line being blank, which was wards filled by an amendment inserting the words “one hundred” before the words “of the voters.” It also pears from the manuscript journal that the House adopted this amendment: “Sec. 2, line 10, Add the word ‘or’ instead of ‘and.’” The published journal at the same place in the proceedings, reads: “Annex the word ‘or.’ ” This last reading is insensible, as it does not show that ‘and’ was stricken out and there is nothing on line 10 to which ‘or’ can with any propriety be annexed. However, the manuscript minutes are a higher grade of evidence than the printed copies and must control. They show with reasonable certainty that the House amended the bill by striking out ‘and’ and inserting ‘or,’
*214Does it follow that the bill which passed the General Assembly was not the same bill which was presented to and signed by the Governor?
In Cooley’s Constitutional Limitations, 135, it is said: “Each house keeps a journal of its proceedings, which is a public record and of which the Courts are at liberty to take judicial notice. If it should appear that any act did not receive the requisite majority, or that in respect to it the legislature did not follow any requirement of the Constitution, or that in any other respect the act was not constitutionally adopted, the Courts may act upon this evidence and adjudge the statute void. But whenever it is acting in the apparent performance of legal functions, every reasonable presumption is to be made in favor of the action of the legislative body; it will not be presumed in any' ease, from the mere silence of the journals, that either house has exceeded its authority, or disregarded a constitutional requirement in the passage of legislative acts, unless where the Constitution has expressly required the journals to show the action taken, as, for instance, where it requires the yeas and nays to be entered.”
This presumption of the due passage of laws was acted upon in regard to the three readings of a bill in Vinsant v. Knox, 27 Ark., 278, which has been followed in several other cases, as we have seen.
Now the Constitution of 1868 did not require amend-ments to bills to be entered on the journals. Conse- ? m or(ler to uphold the act, we will presume that qjouse receded from its amendment substituting ‘or’ for ‘and.’
Equally liberal presumptions have been indulged in by other Courts. Blessing v. Galveston, 42 Tex., 641; Miller v. State, 3 Ohio St., 475; McCullough v. State, 11 Ind., 424; *215 Supervisors v. People, 25 Ill., 182; Commissioners v. Higginbotham, 17 Kas., 62.
"While the journals furnish evidence of legislative proceedings, so far as they go, yet Courts are not bound hold that nothing was done except what appears therein. Their silence is conclusive only in those matters where the Constitution requires them affirmatively to show the action taken.
It is notorious that these journals are loosely kept and their entries often unintelligible; that they are constructed out oí hasty memoranda made in the pressure of business and amid the distractions of a numerous assembly; that the reading of them each morning is frequently dispensed with and there is not a single guaranty of their accuracy or their truth, which is not in practice usually ignored. Nobody vouches for them and upon the final passage of a bill, they are not searched to know whether they contain enough to insure the law’s validity.
On their value as . evidence see 13 Central Law, Jour., 181.
The enrolled statute, on the contrary, has many guaranties for its correctness. It is enrolled under the supervision of committees of both houses, composed of members who are conversant with the proceedings of their respective bodies, and whose duty it is to compare it with the engrossed bill, the original draft and the journals. "We believe also that if has been the invariable practice in this State for the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House to sign the same. It is then laid before the Governor, and if he approves it, is deposited with the Secretary of State and becomes a high and sacred record.
To make all legislation ultimately depend on the fidelity with which a journal clerk has made his entries, is, *216in the expressive language of Judge Black, in Thompson’s Case, 9 Opinions of Attorneys General, 1, to render the laws as uncertain as the terms of a horse trade. We fear to turn loose a principle which might devour the whole statute-book.
The judgment of the Chicot Circuit Court, quashing the levy of the County Court to pay interest on the bonds issued under this act, is reversed and the cause remanded with directions to dismiss the petition for the writ of certiorari. And the judgment of the Jefferson Circuit Court, denying the prayer for said writ, is affirmed.