1. mortEffect of assignmegee’s debt',
The mortgagees did not lose their interest in the instrument by its assignment to the complainant, as trustee, on twenty-seventh of June, 1876. They themselves owed McGehee, Snowden and Yiolette, and it was then, and remained a beneficial security for their own claim against the mortgagors, inasmuch as its enforcement would inure to their benefit. The clause of forfeiture in a court of equity amounts to nothing.
It is further clear from the proof that the New Orleans firm left the whole management in the hands of Moss & Bell, who agreed to go on after the assignment and perform the conditions upon which the mortgage was given, by continuing to furnish supplies. Moss & Bell were the real owners of the mortgage throughout. The trustee is not a purchaser for valuable consideration, and he must work out all his equities through Moss & Bell. The case was properly considered as if the contest were between the original parties.
2. same:) a gP/e e - extend to debts.
It is true that no mortgage of lands can, by parol agreement between the parties, be made to cover any other debt or any larger amount of debt than that expressed. This is *293no longer an open question in this State. (Johnson & Goodrich v. Anderson, Trustee, 50 Ark. 745.) The case of Bell, Trustee, v. Radcliff, 52 Ark., 645, might seem in conflict with this principle. It was there announced that where, upon the face of the mortgage or deed of trust, it clearly appears that the advances of money or supplies were to be made for a specific purpose, and that purpose was the controlling object of the mortgage, although a particular sum might be named, it might be presumed that the parties regarded the purpose rather than the amount. In that view it was announced that the instrument would stand good as a security for all advances necessary for the purpose, although the amount might exceed that named. There were other elements in the case quite sufficient to support the decision. It was an effort by a second trustee, expressly subordinate to the first, to confine the security of the first to the amount named, and to take from him the property included in both deeds, after satisfaction of the first to that extent.
It appeared in evidence that the additional advances made by the beneficiaries of the first trust deed had been, at first, refused, but were afterwards made, upon the solicitation of the beneficiary in the second, and upon his express agreement to be responsible for their payment. This, as between the parties, was a clear case of equitable estoppel against the second, and the ultimate decision of the court would have rested on firm grounds without any reference to the controlling purpose, although that, too, came in aid of the decision. The seemingly exceptional principal, although correct, where the controlling inducement is unmistakable upon the face of the instrument, so much so as to make it clear that the parties regarded the object more than the amount, is, nevertheless, to be applied with great caution, so as not to interfere with the general principle in Johnson & Goodrich v. *294 Anderson, (supra), as supported by other decisions of this court therein cited. Mortgages might, else, become very much perverted from their legitimate use, and cease to be reliable as written evidence of the real intentions of the parties. Besides, the operation of the doctrine in Bell v. Radcliff, (supra), might, if not well guarded, work great injustice to subsequent purchasers, or incumbrances of the same property. The naming of a particular sum would be a snare, unless it were so plain upon the whole instrument that the parties intended to secure enough, in any event, to accomplish the object, as to put strangers about to deal with the property upon inquiry as to what actually had been, or might necessarily, be required to be advanced. The case of Bell v. Radcliff has no application to this, where the controlling purpose of, or inducement to the transaction is not prominently put forward, and it is very certain that no application could be sustained to foreclose the mortgage for a greater amount than $1250, with accrued interest, upon any parol agreement that the mortgage should stand good for further advances also. The bill does not seek that, but asks a foreclosure for a less sum.
The real and only questiou is, has the mortgage ever been satisfied in whole or in part? That must be determined by the proper application of the payments. They were made from time to time. The debt secured by the mortgage was a part of an account running through a period of nearly sixteen months, the debts amounting, in all, to more than twice the sum stated in the mortgage. The question of the application of payments to the secured or unsecured portions of the debt is quite distinct from that of the power of the parties to inci’ease by parol, the amount for which the security is to be valid. Unless something is shown to prevent it, the law will apply the payments, as made, to the oldest items of the account, working off the *295whole debt, as it were, from the bottom strata. As the part secured by the mortgage is, in this case, composed of the oldest items, and the aggregate payments exceed its amount, it will follow that it has been discharged, unless the defendant can show, affirmatively, that the payments have been rightfully applied to other purposes.
The power to make the application to the earlier or later items of the account rested wholly with the debtor. A ning account, although composed of items partly secured and partly not, is in so far one debt, that the creditor has no election as to which items he will credit and which not, in the absence-of any appropriation by the debtor. For this, also, see case of Johnson & Goodrich v. Anderson, (supra). The payment goes, by the force of law, to the oldest items. It has never been questioned, however, but that the debtor himself has the power to authorize the apropriation by the creditor to any item. Nor as between the parties themselves, where no rights of others have intervened, can it reasonably make any difference, in this respect, that the payments are made out of part of the mortgaged property left in the control of the mortgagee. Such a transaction would amount, in effect, to a mutual agreement, that a portion of the property should be released from the mortgage, upon the consideration that it be applied to another item of the creditor’s claim for which he has no security. In such case there is no objection, which can be reasonably urged, to allowing the mortgage to stand for its full amount, as expressed upon its face; with regard to the remainder of the property, as a security for all the original debt remaining unpaid. In case of subsequent encumbrances it would be different, but amongst the original parties, they being alone interested, they may do as they please with their own. The cases are very numerous which hold that a mortgagee does not lose his security for its full amount against the prop*296erty remaining in the hands of the mortgagor at the time by releasing a portion, always presuming that he has no actual or constructive notice of alienations or encumbrances, before that time, made by the mortgagor of the portions not released.
When the creditor, by law or by consent, has the right make the appropriation, he need not do so at the time of the payment, but may at- any time before settlement. Mr. Jones in his work on mortgages, section 908, quotes Lord Hardwicke as saying upon this point there is an abundance of cases.
It is further, a well settled principle in equity, that one who has an interest in a security may advance what is fairly necessary to its preservation, and may retain the advances out of the proceeds before crediting any portion of his There can at least be no doubt of that, where such advances are made by the consent of all parties interested in the property or fund. That was a strong element in the case of Bell v. Radcliff, (supra). This is not upon the idea that the security of the mortgage is thereby extended to other advances, but rather upon the consideration that the proceeds of the property have been diminished by the expenses of preservation.
It remains, by way of preliminary remark, to allude again to the fact that the money, concerning which the questions of application arise, was the fruit of the mortgaged property. Although, as has been said, all parties might agree to have it applied to the unsecured items, yet as that is a diversion from the original intention, the onus of showing such agreement is upon the party claiming it.
In the light of these principles the finding of the facts by the chancellor, and the decree as to the law, must be reviewed.
The cause was heard alone upon the pleadings, and the *297depositions of the parties, Bell, Moss and Hughes. The decree recites, as its basis, the execution of the mortgage upon the land and the crop of 1876, and that it was to enable the mortgagor to raise a crop, and its assignment to complainant on the twenty-seventh of June, 1876. That Moss & Bell continued to furnish the supplies required by the mortgage ; that on the first of November, 1876, the full amount of supplies named in the mortgage not being sufficient to complete the crop and gather it, the mortgagees furnished additional supplies at Plughes’ request; that on the first of January, 1877, they amounted to $1953, andhad been necessary to gather and protect the property from loss. Further that the crop had not been delivered and sold until after the first of January, 1877 ; that it was after that date agreed that Hughes should continue to purchase goods on account, and that the cotton received should be applied first to the payment' of said account, and the balance to the credit of the mortgage account; and that Moss & Bell did so apply the cotton received after the first of January. Further: That the goods furnished up to the fifth of March, 1877, were so paid for by cotton received and sold up to that time, leaving, by this mode of statement, then due upon the mortgage of principal and interest, the sum of $759.30.
For this amount a decree was rendered, with the usual order of sale for foreclosure. As to the items of account after the fifth of March, 1877, the bill was dismissed without prejudice.
If the recitals are sustained by the evidence, the decree was correct, in so far as it holds that the payments might be applied to the advances made after the mortgage was due, and beyond its amount.
To determine whether the facts were properly found, as recited, a review and analysis of the evidence seems important to any value this ou.se may hereafter have, as a prece*298dent. There is no contest as to any other matter than the-application of payments, and we will only notice the evidence which seems relevant to that.
Moss says : That the statement of the account, in evidence, is correct, and that it had been shown several times, to Hughes, who did not object. The credits of cotton were not entered until the cotton was sold. and returns of sale had. The account to which he alludes is a running one,, made an exhibit in the pleadings. The debits begin with the twenty-third of March, 1876, and end with the third of July, 1877, aggregating $2664.15. The credits begin with the thirteenth of May, 1876, and end with the second of May, 1877, aggregating $1538.96. Balance, $1125.19,. which is the sum for which suit was brought. The list of credits composed very largely of cash and proceeds of cotton, shows that of the latter, the first was received on the-twenty-second of December, 1876, and the last on the fifth of March, 1877.
In explanation of the fact that the account was kept running after'the first of January, he says : That they did so. on the repeated request of Hughes, “who always stated that we had a mortgage on his. lands, and that would be-good for the amount.” The}'- told him repeatedly, he says, that the cotton he had delivered would not pay the account of 1876, and that which he was makingin 1877 ; and requested him to give them another mortgage, which he declined to do, basing his refusal on the ground that his land was-already bound for the account, and would be good for any balance that might be due.
Further he says, that in July, 1877, Hughes gave them an additional moilgage on thirty bales of cotton ; .that the cotton received, under that, went to Plughes’ running-account for 1877, as he continued to buy goods after-wards. He got credit for all the cotton received by *299them on the last mortgage. Further he says, the last cotton of 1876 was delivered to them in March, 1877, at which time Hughes notified them that there was no more. Upon cross-examination Moss says that they had shipped cotton on account of Hughes before the first of January, which, at that date, was undisposed of. Don’t- know the number of bales. It was shipped to McGehee, Snowden, & Violette, for whose benefit this suit was brought. They first learned that Hughes would not be able to pay his account, comparing his debits and his cotton, in February or March. Witness first approached Hughes in January, 1877, on the subject of securing his account for the current year.
Bell testifies that when the mortgage became due Hughes had not taken up the full amount for which it provided. He-came in and stated that he was compelled to have money and supplies to pick the crop or it would all be lost, and he had no other means of procuring them. Thereupon they furnished him money and supplies during the months of November and December, and on until the crop was brought into market and turned over to them. Most of it was not delivered until after the first of the year 1877. About that time they had a conversation with Hughes, calling his attention to the fact that the year had run out, and expressing a doubt as to whether they would be justified, in furnishing' anything else under the mortgage, Hughes, to use the language of the witness, then stated “that as the cotton was not all in, and that what cotton we had received had not been sold, and-that, as he understood it, the mortgage we-had and the cotton we had received and were to receive, which he had on the place, was sufficient to pay for all the goods he might require until the crop of 1876 was arranged and settled for, and that the cotton which we were to receive after that date was, to the best of my remembrance, to be applied to the payment of whatever he got from us *300after that date.” Hughes also stated “that he was willing that the mortgage we held on the crop and other property should hold good, until such time as we should get accounts of sales of the cotton, and have a final settlement for the year 1876, when he would give us a new mortgage to cover the supplies he was to get during the balance of the year 1877.” None of the items in this account are contained in that for which the mortgage of July, 1877, was given. With regard_to the items of cash, he says that they were all advanced on Hughes’ orders for picking cotton, except $280, which was paid for a gin to gin the crop of 1876. Upon cross-examination he says that they furnished whatever Hughes required, and cannot state what items of the account were essential to make and to save the crop and whatnot.
The defendant, Hughes, testifies that the cotton credited was the cotton covered by the mortgage of 1876. Does not know what the items of cash were for. The cotton, when turned over, was to be shipped and applied to his account. He gave no directions as to the application. He denies that anything was ever said to him by Moss & Bell about the excess of the account over the amount named in the mortgage until some time in April, 1877 ; also that either Moss or Bell ever said anything to him about applying the cotton received by them, first to the excess of the account, and holding the land as security for the amount of the mortgage. He says that When he made the thirty-bale mortgage, in July, Mr. Moss remarked that the land mortgage would not hold good, and for that reason he desired-the additional mortgage. He says further that the account does not give him credit for all the cotton received from him by Moss & Bell, claiming that he also turned over to them seven bales more of an inferior grade of cotton, of the last picking, worth thirty or thirty-five dollars a bale. He testifies, also, that all the crop of 1876 was gathered before Christmas, *301after which time he used no money in picking, and about, that time he notified Moss & Bell that he was through. All the cotton, he thinks, was delivered to Moss & Bell before-the first of February. Upon cross-examination he says that Moss & Bell did not advise him of the returns from the cotton until a long time after it was delivered. He continued to run his account until about the first of April, because they had had no settlement of the account of 1876, Moss & Bell excusing themselves for the delay on the grounds that they had no returns from the cotton.
This is substantially all the evidence pertinent to the-points in question.
It does not appear from any expressions on the face of the mortgage, nor does it appear from the nature of the items of the account, that the controlling purpose of the mortgage was to enable Hughes to make, a crop in 1876.. To bring a case within the principle of Bell, Trustee, v. Radcliff, something more definite is necessary than to show that the most part of the items of the account were proper for use in cropping, and were so actually used. That case-cannot be extended beyond the peculiar circumstances which environed it, or those of like nature, without danger of rendering all limitations of amount in mortgages a vain and useless thing. So far as the decision of the Chancellor may have proceeded on that principle, it had no sufficient foundation in the instrument or the evidence.
The account exhibited, the correctness of which is, on both sides, admitted, shows that the debits were, on the first day of November, slightly in excess of the mortgage,, but they had been reduced by credits before that date to a balance of $1160.13. Partly upon that day, however, and altogether within ten days afterwards, the measure of the-mortgage was filled by increased debits of goods and cash.. The terms of the mortgage, and the circumstances justify' *302the supposition that these further advances, to complete the sum of $1250, were contemplated, and it maybe considered that the mortgage debt was complete to the full amount on the first day of November. It is in evidence that between that time and the twenty-fifth of December, the mortgagees advanced cash to save and pick the cotton, and to purchase a gin to gin it. These advances may come under the head of expenses incurred by the mortgagees for the preservation of the mortgaged property, and they are entitled to reimbursement out of the first money which came into their hands from the proceeds of the crop with six per cent, interest, before appropriating any of it to the credit of the mortgage. So far their equities are clear.
The onus was upon Hughes to show that he was entitled to an additional credit of seven bales, or their value. This he did not sustain by a preponderance of evidence. There wase counter-proof that all the cotton received had been included in the credits. The claim was properly disallowed.
The main question remains : Did Hughes authorize the mortgagees to appropriate the first proceeds of the cotton to the unsecured excess of the account? The onus .as to this is upon Moss & Bell.
It is not shown by the testimony of Moss. That tends -only to show that Hughes endeavored, by parol declarations, to extend the security of the land mortgage over the whole .■running account, so as to make it binding to supplement what the cotton might fail to discharge. This he could not do.
This leaves a direct conflict between the depositious of .Bell and Hughes, the former swearing that such authority was given, the latter denying it, positively. Neither of the witnesses was before the court to indicate anything by their ...manner. Neither is impeached. Both are interested. The *303testimony of Bell is less positive than that of Hughes. He ■qualifies it by adding, upon this point alone, the words, “to the best of my remembrance.” There is reason to suspect that he may have honestly mistaken a promise to extend the mortgage for an authority to apply the- proceeds of the mortgaged property first to unsecured items of a debt. We have shown that they are really distinct, and that the latter is necessary to avoid the application in due order.
We are constrained, upon a view of the whole testimony, to believe that the Chancellor erred in finding that Moss & Bell had sufficiently sustained the onus of proof on this point, as well as in holding that the controlling purpose of the mortgage was to enable Hughes to make a crop. We think he erred in the decree, and that the appellant, Hughes, is entitled to have applied, in satisfaction of his mortgage, the proceeds of the crop diminished by the cash advanced by the mortgagees for picking and purchasing a gin.
We have in the transcript all that is necessary to determine a proper decree. To that end, and that the same, when rendered, may be certified to the court below, and the •cause remanded for its execution, let the decree be reversed, and the matter be referred to the clerk of this court as master, with the following
DIRECTIONS UPON REFERENCE.
To state from the evidence and exhibits in the transcript an account between Hughes and Moss & Bell, charging the former with the full amount of the mortgage on the first •day of November, 1876.
Crediting him with the sums successively received by Moss & Bell, as shown by the account in'evidence, and upon the dates indicated; after allowing them first to retain, by way of reimbursement, with six per cent, per annum interest, all cash advanced by them up to December 25, 1876, *304from the time when the debits in November, after deducting credits to the first, reached the sum of $1250; the mortgage debt to bear interest at six per cent, per annum for any balance up to the time of full satisfaction, or until the time of the report, if it be not satisfied.
The matter' of costs will be reserved, as well as the other matters essential to a final adjustment of the rights of the parties, until the coming in of the report.