i. t-tabeas Corpus: For euschild, "by -wliat |¿vemMd.s This is a contest for the custody and nurture -of an infant girl of tender age, whose mother died at her birth, and who, from the first two or three days of J ' •existence, has been cared for and kept by the grand-parents. The father now demands the child again, having since married, and being in circumstances ,to provide and care for it.
In deciding such cases upon writs of habeas corpus, the principles adopted in the Chancery Court must govern. The proceedings are special. No rigid rules to regulate the practice have or can be formulated. Only' a few general principles can be taken as guides, subject to which the Chancellor must exercise his judgment upon the peculiar circumstances of the case, and act as humanity, respect for the parental affection, and regard for the infant’s best interests may prompt. All three'should be considered; neither ought to be conclusive.
preference °lTen' It is one of the cardinal principles of nature and of that, as against strangers, the father, however poor and bumble, if able to support the child in his own style of life, and of good moral character, cannot, without the most shocking injustice, be deprived of the privilege by any one *30whatever, however brilliant the advantage he may offer. It-is not enough to consider the interests of the child alone.
As between the father, too, and the mother, or any other near relation of the infant, where sympathies on either side-of the tenderest nature may be relied on with confidence,, the father is generally to be preferred. In the great majority of cases, his greater ability and knowledge of the world renders him the fittest protector, although that is not the test. The preference is conceded to the ties of duty and affection, and attends the primary obligation of the father to maintain, educate and promote the happiness of the child, according to his own best judgment and the means-within his power. Any system of jurisprudence which would enable the Courts, in their discretion and with a view solely to the child’s best interests, to take from him that right and interfere with those duties, would be intolerably tyranical, as well as Utopian.
Nevertheless, keeping these leading principles always in view, there are exceptional cases, .depending on their own circumstances, in which the sovereign power of the State asparens patries, acting; through the Chancellor, has interfered so far as may be necessary to afford the child reasonable protection. It is impossible to define them, further than to say that they should be of such urgency as to overcome all considerations based upon the natural affections and moral obligations of the father; and it may be added that this delicate discretion will be more freely exercised in behalf of one whose ties of affection are next to those of the father himself, upon whom the accompanying moral obligations would devolve in case of the father’s death.
In this case the motherless infant, two days old, was taken by the maternal grand-mother, with the father’s assent, and tenderly guarded through all the perils of infancy. There has been all of a mother’s care, and scarce*31ly less than a mother’s affection. The child is yet scarcely three yeai’s of age, delicate in health ; she is in a safe-asylum, surrounded by those who may be trusted to guard, her anxiously against pernicious influences, and to do theixbest to instill iixto her mind such prixxciples as will promote her future usefulness and happiness. They, too, plead the-full strength of natux’al affections.
The infant needs female care and guidance of that patient,, ever-watchful nature which is better insured by the natural affection of a grand-mother than by the ixiexperienced efforts of a father, or the sense of duty of the second wife. There is no reason to doubt that the step-mother would do-all that duty might demand of her in that relation, but all disinterested persons would involuxxtax-ily feel that there would be some risk to the infant in the change of her surroundings.
The father has ‘shown himself to be a moral man, with the means of dischai’giixg his parental obligations. Certainly, under the circumstances, if he had been in possession of the child, no Chancellor could have found warrant in equity for taking her away to be placed under the grand-mother’s care. But it cannot be ignored that the case does not present that attitude.
The child was placed where she is by the father’s assent,, and has so remained. By his assent ties have been woven between the grand-mother and grand-daughter, which he is under strong obligation to respect, and which he ought not wantonly and suddexxly to tear asunder. He has shown no urgent necessity for present action, and his appeal to the Circuit Court for aid was not such as to enlist in most hearts any very strong sympathy.
The order of the Court does not preclude him hereafter, as the child becomes more advanced in years, from applying to obtain the custody of her persoxx, or directing hex-*32■education. He may see her at all reasonable times ; and at the cost of some deference to and forbearance with his ■child’s grand-father, which it would not compromise his -self-respect to render, he may avoid all unpleasant ren■countres. If not, the Courts are always open to him for a renewed application to be allowed to take the child away.
The Circuit Judge made the order with the parties personally before him, and may have had some means of judging not apparent to us. He seems to have made a temporary arrangement, which commends itself to us as naturally just, and in which, we think, the father, for a while at least, -should acquiesce, until the course of time jwoduces new •circumstances.
Affirm the order.