This was an action on what is called an open or running policy of insurance; trial had; -verdict and judgment in favor of Bostick & Ryan; motion for a now trial by defendants overruled, and appeal granted.
*541The facts in the case, as appeal’ on and admitted in the-bill of exceptions, are as follows: The plaintiffs below, Bostick & Ryan, were manufacturers of tobacco at Fort Smith,. Arkansas, and in the Indian country, west of Arkansas. On' the first of May, 1868, they took out and received from the-defendants, the Insurance Company, an open policy, or, what is sometimes called a running policy of insurance, which was; to continue for one year from that date. About the first of April, 1869, Bostick & Ryan ordered a shipment of tobacco from Leopold & Co., of Louisville, Kentucky, which was,, by Leopold & Co., shipped on hoard the steamboat “ G. A_ Thompson,” which was a good and insurable boat, and was then hound for Fort Smith. The invoice of these goods was. received by Bostick, one of the firm of Bostick & Ryan, the-consignees, at Fort Smith, on Sunday, the lltli day of April,, 1869, and, on Monday the 12th, immediately after breakfast hours, lie (Bostick) reported theshipment to James II. Sparks,, who was the acting and accredited agent of the company at thátplacc, for the purpose of being indorsed as insured under the policy. Sparks examined the invoice, and asked Bostick whether he desired the goods to be insured from Louisville., or only from Memphis, when Bostick said he was satisfied to have them take the risk only from Memphis, or words to that effect. Whereupon, Sparks indorsed the goods as insured, under the policy, from Memphis to Fort Smith, and forwarded the application or report to William II. Fulton,, secretary of the company, at Little Rock, and which reached the secretary on the 14th of April. The “ G. A. Thompson/'’ with these goods on board, proceeded along her voyage, passed Memphis, entered the Arkansas river, and proceeded to a. point about forty miles up the river (below Little Rock), where she struck a snag, sunk and was burned, and the goods; were a total loss. The boat was lost during the night of the-9th, or early in the morning of tile 10th of April; and it was proven that the loss occurred l>3 the perils insured against. The loss was fully known to the company at Little *542Rock when Bostick’s report or application was received from the agent, Sparks, on the 14th of April, but was not known to either Sparks or Bostick, or to any of the plaintiffs at the time Bostick reported the goods to Sparks for insurance, as aforesaid, on the 12th day of April. When Fulton, the secretary, received the report from Sparks it was regularly spread upon the book of risks, but there was a protest against allowing the insurance or paying the claim by members of. the company; but it was agreed that it shouldbe spread upon the books (which -was the regular course according to the rules and the course of business of the company, for all such reports of goods insured) until the plaintiffs should have notice, in order that they might have a hearing on the question • of rejecting the application and refusing the insurance. After-wards, the report was rejected, the insurance s.et aside and the plaintiffs’ policy cancelled by the board of directors of the company, and the plaintiffs’ claim for pay for the value of the goods was rejected and refused,' and notice of this was served on the plaintiffs through the agent of the company, Sparks, at Fort Smith, on the 2.6th day of July, 1869. But previous to receiving this notice, plaintiffs had shipped other goods and reported them to Sparks in the same manner for insurance under the policy, and Sparks had received them, charged up the premiums and forwarded them to the secretary 'at Little Rock, and they were duly entered on the book of risks, but were afterwards set aside, together with the setting aside of the risks on the lost goods, as aforesaid. At the time of reporting the goods to Sparks for insurance, no premiums were paid, but were charged up by Sparks to plaintiffs in a regular account book which he kept for that purpose; and it was the regular custom of the. company, with those who held policies of this kind, to charge up the premiums on the report of shipment of goods, and the account of premiums were collected quarterly. It was further proven that the plaintiffs, after taking out this policy and before the shipment of the goods which were lost, made two or three *543other small shipments of goods which they did not report to the company, and the company did not receive premiums'on them; they did this with a view of taking the risk of these small shipments themselves. It was further proven that one shipment of goods made by them, after the issuing of the policy and before the shipment' of the lost goods, was'insured in another company, at Louisville; but that shipment was made by the order of the plaintiffs, sent by mail, and the insurance in the other company was effected by the consignors, in Louisville, unknown to the plaintiffs, and the ■ plaintiffs, on receiving the invoices, reported the goods, as usual, to the company, through the agent, Sparks, and the premium was regularly charged and paid to defendant by plaintiffs. Further, it was proven that the goods lost were worth the invoice price, to-w-it: $1000. Further, it was proven, by the rules and regulations of the company, that persons holding open ■policies of the company wore required to report their goods immediately on receiving the invoices, but not at the time the shipment was made, except when the policy holder was the consignor.
. The bill of exceptions and motion for a new trial present but three material points for adjudication.
First. It is contended that the company are Tiot liable on their policy, because the goods were lost before the shipment of them was reported to Sparks, the agent, or the company’s officer at Little Rock, Arkansas.
An indorsement upon the policy requires a report of each shipment to be made to the office of the company, at Little Rock, Arkansas,, by mail or otherwise the same day the shipment is made, or, if on goods and merchandise to be received, the same day advice or the invoice of the shipment comes to hand, for entry on the office records and for protection purposes.
In the body of the policy is found the following stipulation : “ That the Arkansas Fire, Marine, Life, Accident and General Insurance Company do, by these presents, cause Bostick & Ryan to be insured, lost or not lost, etc.”
*544In the determination of our first proposition, it will be necessary to fully understand the meaning and import of the clause “lost or not lost.” Policies are frequently effected, not only on ships and goods in home ports, but on those, also, which are in foreign ports, or actually at sea on. their way either to this or other countries, and with regard to which, it is, of course, uncertain whether they may not actually have been lost b.efore the policy was effected. These words have been inserted in all marine insurance. Arnold, in his work on Insurance, vol. 1, p. 26, says: “This clause, however’, though never’ omitted, does not appear to be strictly neees-. sary,'as there can be no reason why a previous loss of the subject insured should prejudice an insurance subsequently effected, if both the assured and the underwriters were equally ignorant of the loss at the time.” This opinion of the author is sustained by [Marshal], in his work on Insurance, pp. 338, 340, 1 Phill. Ins. 72, 438; 3 Kent (6 ed.) 258, note c.
It was decided by Lord Denman, in the case of Mead vs. Davidson, 3 Ad., and, Ell. p. 303, that a policy containing this clause was good when the subject of insurance was accepted for insurance and the premium paid before loss, although the policy was not executed until after a loss had happened to the knowledge both of the assured and underwriter.
Phillips, in his work on Insurance, vol. l,p. 925, says: “The risk may be assumed by the underwriters for an anterior period, and cover losses prior to the date of the policy, provided there is no concealment or misrepresentation by either party. For this purpose, the clause ‘lost or not lost’is introduced. But this clause is not necessary; it is.sufficient, if it appear by the description of the risk and the subject of the contract? that the policy is intended to cover previous losses.”
It is, then, evident that insurers can, if such be the intention and agreement, make themselves responsible for a loss which has already happened when the policy is made, oven if that loss be total; so that the subject matter of insuranee is then non-existent, and this intention is expressly evidenced by the clause “lost or not lost,” in the policy.
*545The material question then, presented under this proposition is, whether or not the company were under a contract, within any of 'the terms and conditions of the policy, to insure the goods at the time the loss occurred. This contract of insurance arises out of an open or running policy, which, from the very nature of such policies, enables merchants, etc., to insure goods shipped at a distant point, when it is impossible for him to be advised of the particular boat, or all the circumstances attending the shipment at first. The contract, however, does not become complete until a declaration of his desire to insure is made by the assured. Until this is done, the contract is inchoate and incomplete, and, if not made at all, the risk is regarded as not having commenced. Was such a declaration made by the plaintiffs in the case before us ? We think there can bo no dispute as to that fact. It is shown by the testimony, that the invoice of the goods were received on Sunday, April 11, 1869, by Bostick, one of the firm, of Bostick & Ryan, and on Monday, the 12th, immediately after breakfast hours, he, Bostick, reported the shipment to James
IT. Sparks, who was the acting and accredited agent of the company, and such invoice was received by him at that time, and the amount of- premium charged to Bostick & Ryan, as was the usual custom of the agency at Fort Smith. Applying the principles of law regulating policies of this kind, and the requisite act necessary to be done by the assured and the company, we arc confident the company are liable under their policy, whether the goods were “lost or not lost” at the time the insurance was effected, unless the policy had been rendered null and void by previous act' of the parties. The principles of law and rules of construction governing policies of this description appear to be well settled, as may be seen by reference to the authorities collected in the text writers, and by the following leading cases: Hammond vs. Peoria Pis. Co., 17, Iowa, 276; Kelly vs. Commonwealth Ins. Co., 10, Bos. N. Y., 821; Paddock vs. Franklin Ins. Co., 11, Pick. 227; Orient Mutual Ins. Co. vs. Wright, 23, How, (U. S.) 401; Mark vs. Ætna *546 Ins. Co. 29, Ind. 390; E. Carver & Co. vs. Manufacturing Ins. Co., 6, Gray, 215.
The second point raised by the pleading and-facts is : Was the policy rendered nugatory by the previous act of the plaintiffs in not insuring all the goods consigned or received by them under the policy ?
It is conceded that plaintiffs did make several shipments of goods which they did not report to the company, and upon which they did not receive premiums, and it was further pi-oven that the plaintiffs did insure one shipment of goods in another company, but such insurance was effected by the consignors of the goods, and not by the procurement of the plaintiffs.
Conceding, for the purpose of argument, that, in the application for insurance and the policy, it was understood that the plaintiffs were to insure all the goods consigned to or shipped by them in this company, a failure on the part of the plaintiffs to do so, would not work a forfeiture of the policy, unless such were the express terms of that instrument. Such a provision would doubtless be a condition pfecedent, the performance of which by the plaintiffs would be indispensable to their right of recovery, unless it had been dispensed with or waived by the defendant. Inman vs. Western Ins. Co. 12, Wend. 460.
It is only when a duty is created by the law that renders a contract void by non-performance of some requirement, and not when the duty is created by implication by the contract. Harmony vs. Bingham, 2 Kern, 99. Under this policy of insurance, the duty of the plaintiff may have been to report for insurance all goods shipped to them; but this duty was created by the contract, which does not fix a penalty for the failure to do so, and the law of insurance will not arbitrarily say it, ifso facto,, works a-forfeiture. Even if this was the general principle, in the case before us, the facts will justify us in saying the company have waived all rights to this defense.
Bostick reported the shipment to James II. Sparks, an ac*547•credited and acting agent of the company, at the place where he resided, for the purpose of having the shipment indorsed as insured under this policy. Sparks, the agent, indorsed them as insured. From that moment the company were liable for any loss that might have or had occurred. The agent reported the application to the home office, at Little Rock, as he was required to do by the indorsement of the policy, “ for entry on the office records, and for protection purposes.”
The words “ protection purposes,” to be found in tire indorsement, can not be construed to mean that the company might receive or refuse the application upon arrival. It was not the intention or understanding between the parties, at the time of taking out the policy, or when .the insurance was effected. Sparks was acting as the agent of the company, at Fort Smith, with general powers. The validity of his acts to third persons did not depend upon the approval of the ■company. Nor can they secretly reserve the right of approval or disapproval, at a future period. The company have not the power to say, by their agent, to a person desiring insurance, “ your shipment is insured,” and leave him under that impression until after a loss has happened, and then say to him, that their election has not been made. Honesty and fair dealing forbid it.-
If there had been any previous dereliction on the part of the plaintiffs in reporting shipments or payment of premiums previous to this transaction, the act of the company’s agent, in insuring this one, must be considered as a waiver of it so far as the insurance of this is concerned. ' As to whether the plaintiffs aré not liable to pay premiums on all goods shipped by them during the life of the open policy we are not called upon to decide, but that non-payment of them works a forfeiture of the policy on this shipment, we deny. There is not even a provision in the policy or application to this effect, and'the law will not certainly annex one for the parties.
*548The third point for adjudication is, whether the goods were insured under the policy, as they were shipped from Louisville, Kentucky, and reported and indorsed for insurance from Memphis, a way -port.
The evidence shows that the goods were reported to the agent, Sparks, as shipped from Louisville, and the agent entered them, by agreement between him and Bostick, as insured from Memphis. The insurance from Memphis was the proposition of Sparks, the agent, and whatever may have been the requirements in this respect, in the policy, we are clearly of the opinion that the defendants are estopped in the present case, from any supposed deviation, as a ground of defense by the act of their agent. By this act the plaintiffs had a right to regard any objections on this ground, as waived, when there was no concealment on their part as to where-the goods were shipped from. Certainly, it cannot be allowed ás a defense to this action without operating as in the nature of a fraud on the plaintiffs, who have acted on the belief that the acts of the agent were the acts of the company,, and who, knowing all the circumstances, indorsed the goods from Memphis instead of from Louisville.
Having fully considered all the propositions, as raised in the trial of the case, and finding no error, the judgment is in all things affirmed.