Appellee is a corporation, and will be hereinafter referred to as the company. It was the plaintiff below, and for its cause of action alleged that the defendant road improvement district, hereinafter referred to as the district, in consideration of $12,500 in money advanced to the district, executed to S. P. Turner the negotiable warrant of the district in the following-form:
‘‘‘Western Lawrence County Road Improvement District.
“Pay to the order of S. P. Turner, Hardy, Ark., the sum of twelve thousand five hundred no/100 dollars ($12,500) with 6 per cent, interest from date until paid.
*365“On account of advance on bond purchase of said district.
“Dated this 10th day of September, 1919.
(Signed) “Clay Sloan, Chairman,
“D. W. Kaiser, Secretary.”
That plaintiff was the owner of said warrant; that same was overdue, and demand for payment had been refused, wherefore judgment was prayed.
The district, for its answer, alleged that it was created by special act No. 293 of the Acts of the General Assembly of 1917, and was given authority to construct certain roads, and in payment thereof to issue negotiable bonds of the district, and that, pursuant to this power, the district, on August 18, 1919, contracted with S. P. Turner, as the agent of the company, for the sale of $450,000, more or less, of the bonds of the district for the price of $439,065, or in that proportion, for the bonds issued to complete the work, payment to be made to meet the requirements of the district in constructing the improvement. That the sale to Turner, as agent of the company, was made pursuant to the terms of a written nroposal to purchase, which, writing concluded with the following paragraph: “In the event you should sell me these bonds, and your board should need a small fund to meet current and incidental expenses for your preliminary work, I would be glad to let you have, say, any amount up to twenty-five hundred dollars ($2,500) on your warrant, payable six (6) months, with six per cent. (6 per cent.) interest.”
That, after the acceptance of this proposal to purchase, the district notified the company, that $12,500 would be required for current and incidental expenses and preliminary work, and the company agreed to furnish the money, and did furnish it in the manner hereinafter set out, and received in payment, or as security, therefor, the warrant sued on.
There was an allegation in the cross-complaint filed by the district that the company had defaulted in its *366contract for the purchase of the bonds, and that, to meet its obligations, the district had been compelled to resell the bonds sold to the company, at a price less than the contract price, and there was a prayer for judgment for the loss thus sustained.
At the conclusion of all the testimony the court directed the jury to return a verdict in favor of the company, upon the ground that the contract for the sale of the bonds was made before the assessment of benefits, and was therefore void, and that consequently the company was under no legal obligation to buy the bonds, and, as it was not denied that the district had received the $12,500, judgment was rendered therefor, and the district has appealed.
For the affirmance of the judgment the company insists that the court properly directed a verdict in its ■favor, upon the ground stated, and also for the reason that the. writing sued on is the negotiable promissory note of the district, which the company acquired, for value, as an innocent purchaser.
Inasmuch as the verdict was directed in fay or of the company by the court, we must, of course, give the testimony its highest probative value in favor of the district in considering the questions of fact involved.
We consider, first, the question whether the writing is in fact a negotiable instrument in the sense that the district may not interpose the defenses set up in its answer and cross-complaint.
It will be observed that it appears, from the face of the instrument itself, that it was issued by a governmental agency, arid that it is unlike the instrument involved in the case of Road Imp. Dist. No. 4 v. Southern . Trust Co., 152 Ark. 422, which was in the form of a promissory note. The writing here involved is not in form a promissory note, but is an order on the district for a sum of money, which, in the contemplation of the parties, could not be paid and was not intended to ■ be paid until funds had been derived from the sale *367of the bonds themselves with which to make the payment. It is such an instrument as is ordinarily designated as a warrant. The undisputed testimony is that Mr. Duhme, the company’s secretary and its admitted representative, was present when the issuance of this warrant was authorized by the board of commissioners of the district, and knew all the circumstances attending its issuance. Duhme knew, as the warrant itself recites, that it was issued “on account of advance on bond purchase of said district,” and was issued pursuant to the paragraph set out above, which is copied from Turner’s proposal to purchase the bonds, in which it was agreed to make a preliminary advance, Turner having agreed, in Duhme’s presence, to make an advance of $12,500, instead of $2,500, as at first proposed; and Duhme also knew that the warrant covered that advance. In other words, the company had full knowledge of the contract for the purchase of the bonds, and of the consideration for the warrant. This fact will more fully appear in a discussion of another feature of the case, and we conclude therefore that the verdict should not have been directed in favor of the company- upon the theory that it was an innocent purchaser for value.
At the time the warrant was issued by the district and acquired by the company, there had been no assessment of the benefits, and the warrant was, on that account, a tentative obligation which might never acquire validi-tv in the hands even of an innocent purchaser, for, as will hereafter be fully shown, the district had no power to make enforceable contracts, except for preliminary expenses, until the betterments to accrue from the proposed improvements had been assessed and the fact ascertained that the betterments would exceed the cost of the improvement.
The controlling questions of fact are these: (1) Did Turner contract for himself, or for the company, for the rmrchase of the bonds? (2) Was the tentative contract ratified after the assessments had been completed *368and the power thus conferred on the district to make a valid enforceable contract?
Mr. Duhme testified, on behalf of the company, that the company was not a party to the contract for the purchase of the bonds, and that he was present, during the negotiations for the purchase of the bonds, in an advisory capacity only to Turner, who was acting solely for himself. Turner corroborates this statement. It appears, however, that Duhme was present during the negotiations, and actively participated in all the discussions relating thereto. The attorney for the district testified that, during these negotiations, Duhme stated what should be done in buying the bonds, so far as the purchasing side of it was concerned, and staled that the company was buying the bonds, but that the company wanted the contract taken in the name of Turner so as to help him get started as its ag'ent in this State. The commissioners substantially corroborated this statement, and they all testified that Duhme was largely deferred to in matters of detail, such as the date of the bonds and the places of deposit of the proceeds, and, after all the terms had been agreed upon and the sale consummated, some one cabed over the telenhone to innuire who had bought the bonds, and one of the commissioners, who answered the call, turned around and asked the name of the nure.haser, and Mir. Duhme said, “Friedman-D’Oench Bond Comp an v. ” The commissioner was not able to pronounce the name, and again asked the name of the nurphaser, when Turner snoke im and said, “Whv. sav S>. P. Turner bought the bonds,” and Duhme said, “That’s all right; let it go at that.”
The question of the advance to be made was then discussed, and the district asked for $12,500, but Turner said he did not have that much money, whereupon Duhme pcn'd the eomnauv would take care of that. It is true that the check which the proposal to bidders required the successful bidder to deposit was deposited bv Turner and signed by him, but this check was never cashed; and *369was not intended to be cashed. Upon the contrary, the warrant was attached to a draft drawn on Turner, the draft being dated September 10, but the draft was forwarded to St. Louis, the situs of the company, and was paid by the company on presentation on September 13, so that Turner, in fact, never advanced any sum on account of the warrant.. There are a few other circumstances, of more or less probative value, tending to show that the company was, in fact, the purchaser, but was acting in the name of its disclosed agent. These matters are all denied by Duhme and by Turner, but the truth of the evidence is, of course, for the jury, and we are of the opinion that, if the testimony on behalf of the district is accepted as true, it is legally sufficient to support the finding that Turner was acting as agent for the company, and that the company was the real purchaser of the bonds.
Counsel for the companv quote from the case of Gould v. Toland. 149 Ark. 477, the following statement of the law: “Where there was no assessment of benefits in a road improvement district, and therefore no ascertainment that the cost of the improvement would come within the assessed benefits to the lands in the district, a contract with a bond dealer for the sale of the district’s bonds is unenforceable, except as to advances made for preliminary expenses, which, with interest, may be recovered.”
We reaffirm what we there said; but it must be remembered that there ivas never any final assessment of benefits in that case, so that the contract for the sale of the bonds never became an enforceable agreement; while here the betterments were assessed and the fact definitely ascertained that the cost of the improvement would not equal the betterments assessed.
We have frequently, and recently, discussed the poiver of improvement districts to make contracts nrior to the assessment of benefits, and these cases need not be reviewed here. The law on the subject was sum*370marized and restated in the case of Bowman Engineering Co. v. Ark. & Mo. Highway Dist., 151 Ark. 47, and it will suffice to quote from that case what we there said: “There was no separate contract with the engineers for the preliminary work, but the contract was one for the performance of all engineering work, both preliminary and permanent. We have decided in several cases that a contract for permanent work is premature and’ ineffective until it is determined, as a preliminary matter, what the estimated cost of the improvement will be and what the benefits will amount to, so that it can be seen that the cost will not exceed the benefits. Cherry v. Bowman, 106 Ark. 39; Thibault v. McHaney, 119 Ark. 188; Gould v. Toland, 149 Ark. 476. We said, in Thibault v. McHaney, supra, referring to Cherry v. Bowman, that, under authority of that case, a tentative contract might be entered into - for permanent work in advance of the assessment of benefits, yet such contract would not be operative and binding on the district until there has been an assessment of benefits. In Gould v. Toland we said that the premature contract for permanent construction remained in abeyance and did not become effective until the assessment of benefits had been made for the purpose of ascertaining whether the cost of the improvement would exceed in value the assessment of benefits. None of the cases referred to decide whether or not it is within the power of the commissioners to withdraw from a tentative contract before it becomes effective, and it is unnecessary to do so in the'present case, nor do those cases decide just what is necessary to make the contract effective. We think, however, that it follows necessarily from those decisions that there must be a distinct recognition in some form of the existence of the prematurely made contract, after the time comes for it to be made effective; in other words, when it is determined that the total cost of the imorovement will not exceed the benefits. In the present case there was an assessment showing benefits in excess of the esti*371mated cost of the improvement, and therefore it was within the power of the commissioners to make the contract. The evidence shows that, after the assessments were completed and approved, the contract was treated as being in effect, and proceedings were taken thereunder looking to the construction of the permanent work. The engineers performed a substantial part of the contract in supervising the work of advertising and receiving bids for the letting of the contract. The case differs in this respect from Thibault v. McHaney and Gould v. Toland, supra, in that the facts in those cases were that there was never any assessments of benefits, and the time never came for the contract to become effective. The circumstances, in this case bring it directly within the rule in Morgan Engineering Co. v. Cache River Drainage Dist., 115 Ark. 437, where the contract for the whole of the engineering work was made in advance, as in the present case, and some of the permanent work was done thereunder. We decided in that case that the contract was valid, and that the obligations thereof could not be impaired by subsequent legislation, so far as concerned the payment of earned compensation for work done under the contract. ’ ’
The assessments in the instant case were made both by proceedings in court, pursuant to the provisions of the act creating the district, and by a curative act, which was act No. 54 of the Acts of the Sneuial Session of the General Assembly for the year 1920, approved February 5, 1920.
But the question remains, did the contracting parties ratify the contract after the assessments were made? It was essential that this should thereafter be done, because, prior to that time, the contract for the sale of the bonds was tentative and did not bind either party, and this ratification could be effected only by the concurring acts of the parties, as neither could ratify for the other. This ratification, however, might be implied *372as well as express. Pike v. Douglas, 28 Ark. 59; Lyon v. Tams, 11 Ark. 189.
There is, of course, no question about a ratification by the district, as it has at all times insisted that the contract should be performed, and now so insists, and it lias constantly maintained that the company was entitled to the bonds, and was required by the contract to take them, and the testimony shows that the district used every effort to perfect the details incident to the approval of the bonds by the attorneys selected for that purpose, and to hasten their issuance and delivery.
The .contract of sale provided that the bond issue should be. approved by the firm of Rose, Hemingway, Cantrell & Loughborough, and the opinion of that firm was made conclusive of the question of the validity of the bond issue, and the testimony shows without dispute that the attorney for the district, acting pursuant to the directions of the board of commissioners of the district, was continually urging action by the examining attorneys, os the district had let a contract for the construction of the improvement and was anxious to obtain the money to meet its obligations arising under the construction contract.
We are of the opinion -that the case of Bowman Engineering Co. v. Arkansas & Mo. Highway Dist., supra, announces the correct rule whereby it may be determined whether there has been a ratification. On that subject we there said: “We think, however, that it follows necessarily from those decisions that there must be a distinct recognition in some form of the existence of the prematurely made contract after the time comes for it to be made effective.”
To effect ratification it is not required that there should be a part performance, or a re-execution of the contract, but there is required a distinct recognition in some form of the existence and binding effect of the premature contract, and, if there is such recognition, the contract is ratified. This view accords with the law *373of ratification applicable to any contract which requires ratification to acquire binding effect. For instance, in the very recent case of Hardy v. New Rocky Grocery Co., 159 Ark. 109, we said: “If appellant, with knowledge that appellees had 'furnished supplies to the Hensleys on the faith of this note, ratified it by treating it as an existing- liability on her part, it is unimportant that she supposed at the time that the note had been transferred to G-athright, instead of the name of appellees being substituted.” On page 8 of the same volume of the reports, in the case of Corning Roller Mills v. William Kelly Milling Co., we said: “Without reiterating and discussing the evidence, suffice it to say the correspondence between the appellant and the appellee shows that appellant, with full knowledge that the assignment had been made, ratified the same by recognizing the binding-effect of the contract, and asking the appellee to cancel the same, or, if it would not cancel the same, to indulge appellant in the matter of extending the time for shipment. ’ ’
See also, Whitehead v. Wells, 29 Ark. 99; Dierks Lbr. Co. v. Coffman, 96 Ark. 505; Gunter v. Williams, 137 Ark. 530; §§ 1765 and 1805, Page on Contracts.
At § 537 of Page on Contracts (2d ed.), it is said: “One who has entered into a contract which he might avoid because of personal incapacity, such as an infant, an insane person, a drunkard, and the like, has the election to affirm such contract, or to disaffirm it, and, when he has exercised his election, with full knowledge of the facts, such election is final. Accordingly, if such person elects to affirm the transaction, his election is final and conclusive, without any new consideration.”
It thus appears that ratification is a form of contract which requires no new consideration, if the voidable contract, made valid by ratification, was itself based upon a consideration.
Now, it must be conceded that the testimony does not show a ratification by the company, unless it is *374bound by Turner’s actions, and further, that Turner’s actions amounted, to a ratification. We have said that it was a question of fact for the jury to determine whether Turner was acting for himself, or for the company, in the purchase of the bonds; and if the jury should find that Turner was acting for himself, and not for the company, there would then be no question of ratification in the case. However, if Turner was acting for the company in the matter, then it would be bound by his actions, for, as we said in the case of Whitehead v. Wells, supra, the principal is affected with notice of all his agent knows in the line 'of his duty and the scope of his powers, and it was there held, to quote in part from one of the headnotes, " # * * that the jury might well have inferred a ratification of the defendant’s acts, if not from the conduct of the plaintiff in recovering the receipt, at least from that of the agent in assenting to the transaction. ’ ’ At. § 1805, Page on Contracts, it is said: "The express approval of an unauthorized contract and the adoption of it by agents who have authority to enter into such contracts on behalf of the corporation, amounts to a ratification.”
There is testimony to the effect that, after the assessments had been completed, Turner made numerous inquiries covering the time of the delivery of the bonds, and was insistent that the delivery be expedited, as the bond market was going to pieces and the bonds could not be sold to advantage if the delivery was postponed, and he is shown also to have discussed the rate of interest which the bonds should bear.' Turner insists that he not only acted for himself alone, but that he did nothing after the assessment was made in recognition of the binding effect of his confract. But this is a question for the jury to pass upon.
The bonds were purchased on the basis of $439,065 for $450,000 worth of bonds, which were to bear interest at the rate of 5y2 Per cent, but the contract gave the company the right to have the bonds bear 5y<¿ per cent., *375or a less rate, the price of the bonds being automatically adjusted to result in a payment by the district on the basis stated for whatever amount of bonds might be issued.
The district incurred a substantial expense in preparing the bonds for delivery, and in printing them, and, according to the testimony in its behalf, it was not until March 31 that Turner advised the district that the bonds would not be accepted, at which time the price of the bonds had fallen to such an extent that a large loss was sustained when the district was compelled to sell them at the then current market price, and it is this loss which the district seeks to recover in its .cross-complaint.
If, upon the issues which we have discussed, the jury should find for the district, then the district would be entitled to recover the difference between the market price of the bonds on the date when the district was first advised that the bonds would not be accepted and the contract price which the company had agreed to pay, together with the expense connected with the preparation and issuance of the second bond issue, made necessary 'by reason of the company’s default, after allowing the company credit for the advance of the $12,500.
In addition to what we have already said, two questions have arisen in our consultation which require some discusssion in view of the opinion of two members of the court. It is their view that these questions should be decided, inasmuch as the case is being remanded for a new trial.
One of these is that, if it be found by the jury that the contract for the purchase of the bonds was not in fact the company’s contract, but the- contract of Turner, the company would have no right to recover the advance made, because of its default in refusing to accept the bonds. In other words, it is their view that the contract was one for the sale of bonds, and the payment was made as an advance payment, and *376the contract is one which would be performed in its entirety only by the. delivery of the bonds by the district and the acceptance and payment thereof by the company. The $12,500 advance was to be repaid in bonds, and not in money. It was, in fact, an advance payment on the bonds, and the company cannot make default by refusing to accept the bonds contracted for and then profit by its own default by asking the return of the payment made under the contract.
It is the opinion of the majority, however, that the ’ question does not arise for the consideration of the jury, for the following reasons: No such issue is raised by the pleadings, and is not discussed in the excellent briefs filed by eminent counsel in the case. It would, in the opinion of the majority, be a contradiction in terms to say that the company had made an advance payment under a contract, yet had made no contract. The district, by filing a counterclaim, has waived the question that the company defaulted by refusing to accept the bonds. There is no question now about the warrant having- been prematurely issued, for the assessments have been made and completed, and the $12,500 was used by the district in the construction of the improvement, and that sum, by whatever name it may be called, has become a valid subsisting obligation of the district, and should be paid to the legal owner thereof, and no one questions the company’s ownership.- Indeed, as we understand the case, the district admits its liability to the plaintiff for the amount of this warrant and the interest thereon, and it seeks only to recoup damages for the alleged breach of the contract of purchase.
The second question which has arisen in our consultation is the effect of the decision in the case of Hopson v. Hellums, 111 Ark. 421. It is the view -of the Chief Justice and Mr. Justice Hart, that the case cited holds that the directors of an improvement district, operating under a statute like the one there involved — or like the one which created the appellant road improve*377ment district — had no authority to make a binding executory contract for the sale of bonds, even though the assessments have been completed and have become final when such contract is made, and that the contract out of which the instant litigation arose is void for that reason.
The majority do not concur in that view, for two reasons. In the first place, we do not interpret the case cited as holding that the district had no authority to make an executory contract for the sale of its bonds. We do not understand that the question of the right of the commissioners to make an executory contract was either considered or involved.
In a prior appeal (Hopson v. Hellums, 108 Ark. 460), a contract for the construction of the proposed improvement had been held to be void as against public policy because the commissioners had, apparently, let a single contract for the construction of the improvement and the sale of the district’s bonds. We held that there should have been separate contracts for the construction of the improvement and for the sale of the bonds. In other words, that the contract 'for the construction of the improvement should be let for a sum payable in money, and not in bonds, in order that 'competition might be encouraged, and that the bidding might not. be limited to those contractors only who were able to accept bonds in payment for their work.
Upon the remand it was insisted that there was a separate letting of the contract for the construction of the improvement and for the sale of the bonds, although the same party was the successful bidder for both cop-tracts. We held, on the second appeal, that there was no legal objection to the contractor for the-construction of the improvement purchasing the bonds of the district when they were not purchased -at the same time as the letting’ of the construction contract. Hopson v. Hellums, 111 Ark. 421.
It appears, however, from the facts stated in the opinion on the second appeal, that the General Assem*378bly, on March 8, 1913, passed an act whereby it was provided that the commissioners of the improvement distract were forbidden from issuing any bonds whatever without first being petitioned so to do by a majority in numbers, acreage and value of the landowners in the district, and it was insisted by those who opposed the construction of the improvement that this consent had not been obtained. In opposition to this view, it was contended that the district had already contracted for both the construction of the improvement and for the sale of the bonds, and that the act was invalid as impairing the obligation of those contracts. The court made a finding that, prior to the passage of the act of the General Assembly, valid contracts had been entered into, and that the act was void because it impaired the obligation thereof.
Without repeating here the facts there recited, it may be said that we reversed the finding and decree of the court below, not because of the lack of power on the part of the district to sell the bonds, but because, as a matter of fact, the district had not done so. We said the testimony of Hahn, the alleged purchaser, “shows that he had not in reality purchased the bonds himself, but was only attempting to have some one else purchase them,” and that “the whole proceeding in regard to the borrowing of the money and the sale and purchase of the bonds was in fieri.” In other words, Hahn had contracted to do the work and had agreed to find a buyer for the bonds at a stipulated price to the district, but had failed tp do even that before the act of March 8, 1913, was passed.
But, if it should be held that the district has no power to make an executory contract for the sale of bonds, that holding would not affect the contract set out above, because it became a complete and binding contract, if the facts be found as the district contends they are. There has even been a part performance of it by a substantial payment to the district, to be applied in *379partial discharge of the obligation assumed, according to its terms, by the purchaser.
For the error in directing the verdict the judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded for a new trial.