(after stating the facts). The theory of the court ¡below, and that upon which it is sought to uphold the judgment, is that a debt contracted by an executor after the death of his testator, although contracted by him as executor, binds him individually, and does not bind the estate which he represents, notwithstanding it may have been contracted for the benefit of the estate. The general rule and numerous cases bearing on the question are collected and reviewed in Ann. Cas. 1915-C, at p. 367; 40 L. R. A. (N. S.) 201, and 3 A. L. R. pp. 1604 and 1608.
The general rule is that the claims and liabilities are fixed at the time of the death. With regard to these suits they must be brought by and against the personal representatives in their character as such. With regard to contracts made by the personal representatives themselves, in the course of administration, they are personal, although for the benefit of the estate. The reason is that the executor or administrator' has no right to make a contract for a dead man. Hence the representative becomes the contracting party and is individually liable. Bomford v. Grimes, 17 Ark. 567; Yarbrough v. Ward, 34 Ark. 204; Tucker v. Grace, 61 Ark. 410; and Bryan v. Craig, 64 Ark. 438.
In the application of the general rule in Altheimer v. Hunter, 56 Ark. 159, it was said that, it was not within the ordinary authority of a probate court to empower an administrator to continue the mercantile business of the deceased, and that an administrator is not empowered to bind the estate of á dead man by making a contract for him. The reason is that the death of a trader puts an end to his business and his executor or administrator has no authority to continue the business unless such authority is conferred by statute or by the terms of a will. The assets pass to the executor or administrator to be collected and applied to the payment of' debts, and the remainder to be distributed to the heirs or devisees.
Again in Altheimer v. Hunter, supra, the court said that an executor may continue the business of his testator when empowered to do so by will, but that he becomes *281personally liable for all tbe debts he contracts in the prosecution of his trust. This language was not necessary for a decision of the issue presented by the appeal in that case, but it is in accord with the general rule on the question as shown by the decisions cited in the .case notes above referred to.
A leading case on that phase of the question is Willis v. Sharp, 113 N. Y. 586, 4 L. R. A. 493. In that case it was recognized that a testator may authorize or direct his executor to continue a trade or to employ his assets in trade or business; and that such authority will protect the executor from responsibility to those claiming under the will in case of loss without his fault or negligence, and also entitle him to indemnity out of the estate for any liability lawfully incurred within the scope of the power.
The court said, however, that it is the settled doctrine of the courts of common law that a debt contracted by an executor after the death of his testator, although contracted by him as executor,binds him individually, and does not bind the estate which he represents, notwithstanding it may have been contracted for the benefit of the estate. The principle upon which the case was decided was that an executor may disburse and use the funds of the estate for the purposes authorized by law, but may not bind the estate by an executory contract, and thus create a liability not founded upon a contract or obligation of the testator. Austin v. Munro, 47 N. Y. 360.
Again in Exchange Nat. Bank v. Bettes, (Kan.) 3 A. L. R. p. 1604, it was held that the doctrine that the only effect of contracts made by an executor or administrator is to bind himself individually applies to a contract made' by the personal representative, in attempting to carry on and complete a building contract entered into by the decedent in his lifetime.
It was contended in that ease that an exception to the general rule would arise in case-of building contracts entered into by the decedent during his lifetime, which remained incomplete at the time of his death, and which *282the executor or administrator elected to complete. In that case the executor1 was not directed by the will of the testator to carry out his contract and the case falls within the general rule that the executor can not make a contract for a dead man without ¡being authorized to do so by will or by statute expressly conferring such power. The testator may not have had in milid any one in whom he might have placed confidence sufficient to authorize him to carry out his contract. He might have deemed it more prudent to risk the loss which his estate might suffer in damages by reason of his death preventing his completion of his own contract. In any event, his will did not give his executor power to complete his contract and for that reason he could only administer the estate in due course of law and distribute the assets to the devisees after paying the claims probated against the estate. As we have already seen, he could not make a contract for his decedent without some authority to do so.
The cases where the testator has directed his executor to carry on his business come nearer being like the present case than any to which our minds have been directed ; but such cases do not, in the opinion of the court, quite reach to the point here involved. In such cases the primary object of carrying on the business is for the profit to be made from continuing it. It is necessarily a new adventure and must be conducted by the executor independently of any direction or obligation on the part of his decedent. The executor would create new liabilities not expressly authorized by his decedent nor dependent upon any obligations incurred by him. Existing creditors and devisees under the will are not required to have the payment of their debts postponed to await the result of future adventures; and in such cases the executor cannot jeopardize the assets of the estate by making new and independent contracts, although they may be made for the benefit of the estate.
We think there is a marked distinction between a testator appointing a personal trustee in his will to carry on his business generally and directing his executor *283to carry out a contract, the obligations of which he had assumed in his lifetime and which would become a charge upon his estate. In the one case, the executor is directed to carry on a new business for profit and in the other to wind up an old one for the purpose of distributing the assets of the estate to those entitled to them.
There are material facts in the present case which did not enter into the discussion or decisions of any of the cases collected above. We recognize the general rule to be that the powers, duties and obligations of the executor or administrator with respect to the estate are defined and limited by the will or statute. He has no interest in the assets, and therefore cannot charge them by any independent and new contract unless authorized by statute or the will.
Hahn made his will while lying sick in the hospital and died four days later. At the timé, he was stricken, he had various drainage ditches in the course of construction under contracts which were binding upon him and which would become charges against his estate. There had been a material rise in the prices of labor and materials since he had executed the contracts. He had the necessary machinery on hand with which to carry out his contracts. He had on hand a large amount of supplies and materials and was actively engaged in carrying out his contracts when he became sick. Doubtless he recognized the serious loss to his estate if no provision was made by him for completing his contracts. In the fifteenth clause of his will, in explicit and comprehensive language, Hahn conferred authority upon his executors to complete his unfinished contracts after his death. His evident purpose was to put his executors in his place with like authority as himself in the premises. The trust sought to be accomplished was not primarily to make a profit for the estate out of his business, but to dispose of and realize upon the assets to the best advantage. The language used is very broad and comprehensive. The testator directed his executors to do all things necessary for the proper settlement of his estate, the payment of *284his debts, and the transaction of any old or new business which seemed advisable to them. They were empowered to execute, as in their discretion seemed proper, all deeds, leases or contracts, conveying either real or personal property in fee or as security or otherwise. The testator further directed that the acts of his executors in the premises should not be questioned and that neither of them be required to give bond.
Thus it will be seen that the testator had unlimited confidence in the honesty and business ability of his executors.
The language of the will is'even broader than that in Ferguson v. Ferguson, 148 Ark. 290, which we construed to authorize the executor to mortgage the land of his testator for the purpose of borrowing money to enable him to cultivate the land for the current year. The executors in the case at bar were made the personal trustees of the testator for the purpose of carrying out his contracts and thus preventing great loss to his estate. Evidently there was no intention of continuing the business for the mere purpose of profit. The grant of the power and the imposition of the duties upon the executors were inconsistent with their personal liability in the premises. Such a trust could not be carried on without the expenditure of large sums of money, and the idea that the executor was expected to assume the burden thereof and the estate not be liable is utterly inconsistent with the terms of the will and the relation of the executors to the estate. They were given absolute power to sell or mortgage the estate, and the will further directed that their acts in so doing should not be questioned. The idea that the executors should be personally liable for expenditures made by them in carrying out the trust is inconsistent with the’express power conferred upon them to make such contracts as they deemed necessary and to sell or mortgage the estate for that purpose.
The record shows that the plaintiff had been supplying. Hahn with coal to be used in carrying out his *285drainage contracts, and that it supplied the coal to his estate for the purpose of completing them. The plaintiff charged the estate with the coal sold, and the court is of the opinion that the peculiar circumstances of this case bring it within an exception to the general rule, and that the language of the will was sufficiently broad and comprehensive to empower the executors to make the contract sued on for the benefit of the estate. In short, the contract sued upon was made pursuant to express authority conferred by the will upon the executors to enable them to carry out contracts, the obligations of which had been incurred by the testator in his lifetime.
It follows that the court erred in finding for the plaintiff, and the judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings according to law.