delivered the opinion of the Court.
This was an action of debt-, brought by the appellee, James Yell, against John T. Anderson, "William R. Anderson, and Jas. R. Baird, the maker, and first and second endorsers of a promissory note, alleged to be lost or mislaid, to which the Andersons pleaded nil debet, and failure-of consideration. The plaintiff took issue upon the first plea and replied to the second. lie then filed an amended declaration, after -which the death of John T. Anderson^ was .suggested, and the suit ordered to be revived, and progress against his administratrix. At a subsequent day of the same term, that order was set aside, and, on the plaintiff’s motion, the suit was ordered to abate as to John T., and progress against the surviving defendants. The plaintiff then, by leave of the court, filed a second amended declaration, which is as follows :
-“ARKANSAS, Sex.
In Desha Circuit Goicrt, October Term, A. D. 1852.
James Yell, .plaintiff, complains of John T. Anderson, William R. Anderson, .and James R. Baird, of a plea ©f debt. For that, whereas, heretofore, to wit: on the 15th day *of April, 1851, to "wit, at the county aforesaid, the said John T. Anderson, under 1ns style of John T. Anderson, made his certain promissory note in writing, bearing .date the.day and year last aforesaid, and now here to the court shown, and therd&y there promised, on or before the first day of January next, after the date thereof, to pay said James R. Baird, or order, the sum of four hundred and eighty-five dollars, for value received, with interest at the rate of ton per centum per annum from due until paid, and then and there said James R. Baird endorsed and delivered the same to the said William R. Anderson, and when said note remained wholly unpaid, and then and there said William R. Anderson, when said note remained wholly unpaid, endorsed and delivered the same *12to said plaintiff, which endorsements are now shown to the court here, and the said plaintiff, in fact, says that afterwards, when said note became due and payable, to wit: on the first day of January, A. D. 1852, at the county aforesaid, said plaintiff presented, and showed said promissory note to the said John T. Anderson for payment, and payment was then and there demanded, but no part thereof was then, or before, or afterwards, paid. By means whereof, said defendants became liable to pay said plaintiff said sum in said note specified, with interest thereon accruing to the tenor and effect thereof. Yét said defendants, or any of them, or any one else, has since paid the said sum in said note specified, or the interest thereon, or any part of either, either before or after said respective assignments to the parties entitled, or to -the said plaintiff. To the damage of said plaintiff of five hundred dollars, therefore he sues,” &c.
William B. Anderson, after having oyer of the instrument sued on, pleaded nil debet, and two special traverses, both in effect denying that he had any legal or sufficient notice of the nonpayment of the note by the maker. The grant of oyer is as follows :
$485. . 13th ‘Apeil, 1851.
On or before the first day of January next, I promise to pay James B. Baird, or order, four hundred and eighty-five dollars for value received, with interest at the rate of ten per cent, per annum from due until paid. /
(Signed,) JOHN T. ANDEBSON.
(Endorsed,) Bay William *B. Anderson.
JAMES B. BAIBD.
Pay to James Yell,
WM. B. ANDEBSON.”
A default was noted against Baird, failing to appear, and issues being fprmed upon the pleas of Wm. B. Anderson to the amended declaration, they were tried by a jury. It appears, from the bill of exceptions, that the plaintiff offered, as a witness, the defendant, Baird, and was’permitted to prove by him, .against the *13objection of bis co-defendant, Anderson, that tbe note sued upon was written by ¥m. R. Anderson, and wben it was written, be-(Baird) objected to it, upon tbe ground that it was to have been a joint note of Wm. R. and John T. Anderson, but Wm. R. said it made no difference, and would answer as well, as be would endorse it, and that was tbe proper form for him to join in tbe note: whereupon, it was endorsed in blank by him (tbe witness) and William R., and delivered to tbe plaintiff. That afterwards, (but be could not say wben it was, whether it was before or after tbe bote became due and payable,) tbe .plaintiff told tbe witness and Wm. R., that John T. Anderson bad told him that be would not pay tbe note, and that be (tbe plaintiff) should bold them responsible for tbe full amount. Which was all tbe evidence in the cause, and thereupon tbe court permitted tbe plaintiff, against the objection of Wm. R. Anderson, to fill up the endorsement on tbe note so as to read: “Pay tbe within to James Yell, waiving . demand and notice. Wm. R. Anderson.” Tbe court then, on motion of tbe plaintiff, instructed tbe jury, that tbe note and en ■ dorsenients were conclusive evidence of the debt in the absence of proof of payment, and there was no necessity of proof of de-demand and notice, to which also tbe defendant excepted. Tbe jury found the issues for tbe plaintiff, and thereupon a joint judgment against tbe two defendants, Baird and Anderson, was rendered in bis favor.
Without noticing tbe form of tbe declaration being in debt instead of assumpsit, or tbe joinder of one of tbe original defendants, whose death bad been suggested by tbe plaintiff, or tbe variance in tbe date of tbe instrument which appears in tbe transcript brought here, though it may be a clerical misprision, tbe judgment must be reversed, because tbe declaration contains ím averment of notice of non-payment to tbe endorsers, and without which, they could not be charged. Tbe plaintiff dose not sue as assignee, under tbe statute of assignments, which would require him to exhaust bis remedies against tbe maker, or bis estate, before proceeding against tbe assignor, but bis claim is against tbe *14endorsers, whose liability, according to the law merchant, is conditional upon due presentment and notice of non-payment. (Walker vs. Johnson, 13 Ark. 530.) An averment of notice was indispensable to the title of the plaintiff to recover, and the omission ■of it was a iatal defect in the declaration, upon which no valid judgment could have been rendered, even after verdict. (Sevier vs. Holliday, 2 Ark. 512.) tío, the declaration is defective in the allegation of presentment. Notwithstanding the seeming misconstruction, in the report of the .case, of what the court said in Ruddle & McGuire vs. Walker, (2 Eng. 462,) there can be no doubt that the note in question, if treated as commercial paper, was entitled to days of grace. What the court there meant .to decide, was, that as the statute made writings obligatory for the payment of money equally negotiable with bills and notes, • and enable the holder, at his option, to make the assignors primarily liable upon the condition precedent of demand and notice, by analogy the rule would be the same in regard to the time of demanding payment of a writing under seal, in order to fix the liability of the endorser. See, also, Levy vs. Drew., decided at the present term, as to the propriety and policy of adhering to the settled rules of the law merchant, .to the .extent that it is introduced or recognized by statute.
The abstract question whether Baird, the prior-endorser, being a party to the record, but having suffered a default, would be for any purpose a competent witness for the plaintiff against a co-defendant, on the ground of being called to testify against his interest, is a very curious one, considered with reference to the statute making all obligations several as well as joint, and -another general provision enabling any plaintiff, having a cause of action against two or more persons, to sue all or as many of them as he anay think proper, so he have but one actual satisfaction; and more particularly, the statute making all endorsers, upon receiving due notice of non-payment, equally liable with the maker, and providing that the holder may sue them at the same time with the maker or separately. Though the liability of the defen-. *15dants is not necessarily joint, tlie case presents another aspect of the same enquiry, which occasioned so much doubt in Frazier v. The State Bank, (4 Ark. R. 510,) and Beebe vs. The Real Estate Bank, (ib. 553,) whether the plaintiff, having elected to sne all jointly, was not bound by the consequences of his election, so-that a successful defence to' the merits by one would operate as a defence for all. In the case of Pipe vs. Steel and Harvey, (2 Ad. & El. N. S. 733,) the court of Queen’s Bench held that, in a suit upon a joint liability of one defendant, who had suffered a default, thereby admitting a' cause of action against himself, and thus becoming severed from the action, would be a competent witness for the plaintiff against a co - defendant, notwithstanding his objection, because, though the witness be interested in procuring contribution from his co-defendant — he had a greater interest in defeating the action altogether by testifying in support of a defence, Avliicli if successful, would enure to his own discharge. In a separate suit, by the holder against endorser, a prior endorser would bo a competent witness for the plaintiff upon tlie ground of his liability to one or either of them in any event, and there appeal’s to be no good reason for excluding him because made a party to the record. Though all the prior parties to a bill or note be sued at the same time in .this statutory mode, there is nothing in the nature of a joint liability in their successive undertakings, and it would seem that the plaintiff might well succeed as to one defendant, though he fail as against the other.
But the court below erred in admitting the testimony of Bail’d; and, for the like reason, all the subsequent proceedings depending upon-its admission, Avere equally erroneous, not merely because it changed the order, of the liability of the parties on the note, Avlffch might possibly make no difference in a subsequent suit, as between themselves, for contribution or recourse, but because it was an attempt to exjffain, or vary by parol, the terms of a written contract deliberately entered into. If there Avas any mistake or fraud in its execution, that might have been put in issue, and co^-ected in a suit to-reform the instrument. But when *16it is considered that the plaintiff was permitted to prove that one of the defendants intended to become bound as maker, when in fact lie refused to join in the note, but signed only as second endorser, and uponsuch proof wáspermitted to change the endorsement into one waiving demand and notice, which went to the jury as conclusive proof of liability, at variance with the instrument which the plaintiff had produced for oyer, and in the face of the allegations in the declaration, the whole proceeding was a remarkable violation of the ¡rules of law, though the intention, and, for aught this «court can know, the result of it may have been to attain substantial justice. Reversed.