(after stating the facts). The correctness of the decision of the chancellor depends upon whether or not the lands in controversy in this case were subject to taxation for county and State taxes after they were purchased by the levee district at its own sale for levee taxes. Article 16, section 5, of the Constitution of 1874, provides, that all property subject to taxation shall be taxed according to its value, provided that the following property shall be exempt from taxation; public property used exclusively for public purposes; churches used as such; cemeteries used exclusively as such; school buildings *554and apparatus; libraries and grounds used exclusively for school purposes, and buildings and grounds and materials used exclusively for public charity.
Section 6 provides that all laws exempting property from taxation other than is provided in this Constitution shall be void.
(1) It is insisted by both parties that this question has already been decided in their favor by a previous decision in this court. Counsel for the defendant rely upon the case of Bonner v. The Board of Directors of St. Francis Levee Dist., 77 Ark. 519. There the court said that the lands in controversy continued subject to taxation after they were acquired by the St. Francis Levee District. The levee district had purchased the lands in that case on the 24th day of January, 1898, for unpaid levee taxes and on the second Monday in June, 1898, Bonner purchased the same land at a sale for State and county taxes. There the assessment had been completed, and the State and county taxes had become a fixed lien on the lands before their purchase by the levee district, and the court simply meant to hold that a change in the use of the property after the State and county taxes had become a lien did not release the land from liability for such taxes. The reason is that to so hold would be to give a retrospective effect to the section of the Constitution above referred to. An exemption from taxes created by the Constitution will not be given a retrospective effect unless an intention that it shall have such an effect is clearly expressed and it is apparent that the section of our Constitution relating to this subject was not intended to operate retrospectively. City of Philadelphia v. Pennsylvania Institution for Instruction of Blind, 214 Pa. St. 138, 6 A. & E. Ann. Cas. 437, and case note. So it will be readily seen that the Bonner case is not an authority for the position taken by counsel for the defendant.
Counsel for plaintiff rely on the case of Miller v. Henry, 105 Ark. 261. There the court, at the end of an opinion, which was devoted almost exclusively to other *555propositions, said the lands which had been bought in by the St. Francis Levee District at a sale for levee taxes were not subject to taxation while in the hands of the levee district, but no reason was given for such holding.
We now propose to take up the question and decide it anew for the reason that it is now earnestly insisted that such a holding is in direct conflict with the holding of this court in School District of Fort Smith v. Howe, 62 Ark. 481, and Brodie v. Fitzgerald, 57 Ark. 445.
(2) The St. Francis Levee District is a quasi-corporation to which is delegated certain powers as a governmental agency. Carson v. St. Francis Levee Dist., 59 Ark. 513, and Board of Dir. St. Francis Levee Dist. v. Fleming, 93 Ark. 490. The correctness of the chancellor’s holding depends upon whether the lands were acquired by the levee district in its proprietary capacity or in the exercise of its functions as a governmental agency. In the former case the lands would not be exempt and in the latter they would be exempt from taxation. This distinction, we think, has been recognized in our previous de-' cisions relating to the question.
(3) In the case of Brodie v. Fitzgerald, 57 Ark. 445, the court held that the hospital buildings, grounds and materials, under our Constitution, were exempt from taxation, but that the property leased or rented was not exempt though the revenues were applied solely to the subject of the public charity. The reason is that under our Constitution it is only when the property itself is actually and directly used for public charity that the law exempts it from taxation.
In the later case of Hot Springs School District v. The Sisters of Mercy, 84 Ark. 497, we held that a hospital building with the grounds connected therewith which was used in the operation of a public charity was not excluded from constitutional exemption from taxation merely because patients who were able to do so paid for the attention and medicine which they received, if the profits derived therefrom were put back into the opera*556tion of the public charity. There was a mixed use, so to speak, of the property, but the dominant purpose was the operation of the hospital as a public charity and the receiving of pay patients was merely incidental to the main purpose. So we held that the property was still actually and directly used for public charity, and that the Constitution exempted it from taxation.
In the case of School District of Fort Smith v. Iiowe, 62 Ark. 481, a portion of the military reservation at Fort Smith was donated by act of Congress to the city of Fort Smith to be held in trust for the use of the free public schools of the city. The act provided that within ten years the land should be laid oft into lots, and that the lots be sold at public sale and that the proceeds should be paid to the treasurer of the school board to be used for school purposes. Afterward our Legislature passed an act providing that the School District of Fort Smith be empowered and required to become a purchaser at said sales and to own, lease, control and sell the same. The property involved in that suit was acquired by the school district by purchase under the act. Most of the property consisted of unimproved city lots, but some of the lots had buildings upon them and were rented. The court in its opinion recognized that the property did not contain any scho.ol buildings or libraries and grounds used exclusively for school purposes within the meaning of article 16, section 5 of our Constitution, and proceeded to a discussion of the question of whether it was public property used exclusively for public purposes within the meaning of that section of the Constitution.
The court said that to justify it in holding that the property was exempt there must be found in the Constitution, itself, provision for its exemption. The court further said that it was conceded that the land was public property, but the question of its exemption from taxation was not determined alone by its character as public property, but also by the nature of its use. After a thorough discussion of the question, the court correctly held that *557.the property was not exempt from taxation under our Constitution because it was held by the school district solely for sale or rent, and for the sale for profit, and was not, in the meaning of the Constitution used exclusively for public purposes, and was therefore subject to taxation. The construction is in accord with the almost unanimous holding of the courts of last resort of other States having a provision of the Constitution similar to our own. The reason for so holding is clearly stated in a quotation by the Supreme Court of Ohio in Benjamin Rose Institute v. Myers, Treasurer, L. R. A. 1916D-1170, from Academy of Richmond County v. Bohler, 80 Ga. 159, as follows: “Property used to produce income to be expended in charity is too remote from the ultimate charitable object to be exempt. If property is allowed to be used as taxed property, it also is to be taxed. If it competes, in the common business and occupations of life, with property of other owners, it must bear the tax which their’s bears.”
There is a material difference between the use of property exclusively for public purposes and renting it out and then applying the proceeds arising therefrom to the public use. The property under our Constitution must be actually occupied or made use of for a public purpose and our court has recognized the difference between the actual use of the property and the use of the income. So it will be seen that in our own cases last referred to, the property itself was not directly occupied or made use of for public purposes, but only the income derived therefrom and for this reason the court held that the property was not exempt from taxation under our Constitution.
(4) In the present case the facts are essentially different. The St. Francis Levee District was created for the purpose of constructing and maintaining a levee along the Mississippi Biver on the eastern border of our State. To accomplish the purpose of its organization it was given the power of eminent domain and of taxation for levee purposes. The district was given the power to in*558stitute a suit to enforce the collection of delinquent levee taxes and to buy in the lands at a sale therefor when no one else offered to bid thereat, and then to again sell the land so acquired and to devote the proceeds to the use for which the leve'e taxes were intended. The lands in controversy were acquired by the levee district at a sale for levee taxes and were held by the levee district until it could dispose of them. Thus it will be seen that the levee district acquired the land in the exercise of its governmental functions, and during the interval between its purchase and resale of the lands, they were not subject to taxation. If the property should be taxed while so held by the levee district, new taxes must be levied to meet this tax. It is absolutely essential that taxes should be levied in order to carry out the purpose for which the levee district was organized, and if the property, which the levee district, to protect itself, purchased at a levee tax sale, was subject to State and county taxes while in its hands, the property owners of the levee district would have to pay additional taxes. The levee district only held the lands that it acquired at levee tax sale until it was practical to dispose of them again. They were not held for any purpose of gain or as income producing property. When sold, the proceeds took the place of the levee taxes, for the enforcement of which and the expenses incident thereto, they were sold, and in this way we think the lands were directly and immediately used exclusively for public purposes within the meaning of the Constitution, and were not subject to taxation.
Moreover, Judge Cooley says, that exemption from taxation .of property which belongs to the State and its agencies, which are held by them for governmental purposes, rests upon implication. He said that to levy taxes upon such property would render necessary new taxes to meet the demand of this tax, and thus the public would be taxing itself in order to raise money to pay over to itself, and no one would be benefited but the officers employed, whose compensation would go to increase the use*559less levy. Cooley on Taxation (3 ed.), vol. 1, pp. 263 and 264; Re Hamilton, 148 N. Y. 310, 42 N. E. 717.
Having held that the property is exempt from taxation, the defense of the defendant necessarily passes out of the ease.
It follows that the decree will be reversed and the cause will be remanded with directions to grant the prayer of the complaint.