*671**439These expedited public interest appeals arise from an apparent mix-up at the Bunnell High School polling place in the town of Stratford (town), where it is alleged that approximately seventy-six voters who should have received ballots for the 120th assembly district election were instead given ballots for the 122nd assembly district, rendering those voters unable to vote for their assembly district's state representative. The plaintiff, Jim Feehan, who is the **440Republican Party's candidate for state representative in the 120th assembly district, brought this action seeking declaratory relief, a new election, and an injunction prohibiting the defendants, Secretary of the State Denise W. Merrill, Treasurer Denise L. Nappier, and Comptroller Kevin Lembo (state defendants), from declaring the intervening defendant, Phillip L. Young III, the Democratic Party's candidate, as the winner of that election.1 After the Chief Justice granted the parties' separate applications for permission to appeal pursuant to General Statutes § 52-265a, the plaintiff appealed from the judgment of the trial court dismissing the complaint in part as barred by the elections clause set forth in article third, § 7, of the Connecticut constitution,2 and the defendants appealed from the grant of the plaintiff's application for a temporary injunction.3 We conclude that the elections clause gives our state House of Representatives exclusive jurisdiction over **441this election contest, and we disagree with the plaintiff's claims that (1) General Statutes § 9-328,4 which governs contested elections *672for "municipal office," confers jurisdiction on the courts over this case, and (2) under the supremacy clause of the United States constitution; see U.S. Const., art. VI, cl. 2 ;5 state courts have jurisdiction over his federal constitutional claims, notwithstanding **442the elections clause in the Connecticut constitution. Accordingly, we also agree with the defendants' claim that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to enjoin the state defendants from canvassing the votes and declaring a winner. We, therefore, affirm the judgment of the trial court insofar as it dismissed the complaint and reverse the judgment of the trial court with respect to its issuance of a temporary injunction.
The record reveals the following facts, as alleged in the operative complaint, and procedural history. On November 6, 2018, the election for the state representative for the 120th assembly district took place. There were three candidates for that position: the plaintiff, who was endorsed by the Republican Party and the Independent Party, Young, who was endorsed by the Democratic Party, and a petitioning candidate, Prez Palmer. One of the polling places for the 120th assembly district was Bunnell High School, which also served as a polling place for the 122nd assembly district. At some point midday, a packet of ballots for the 122nd assembly district was distributed to voters in the voting line for the 120th assembly district. As a result, approximately seventy-six voters who received those ballots were unable to cast a vote for the office of state representative from the 120th assembly district.6 A voter *673detected the mistake and reported it to the moderator, who **443replaced the 122nd assembly district ballots with the correct ones and noted the incident in his log, allowing for investigation by the town registrar of voters after the election.
After the initial vote tabulation for the 120th assembly district, the vote count was 5217 votes for Young, 5199 votes for the plaintiff, and 55 votes for Palmer. Because there was a difference of only 18 votes between Young and the plaintiff, a statutory recanvass was required pursuant to General Statutes § 9-311a. That recanvass was held on November 13 and 14, 2018, and resulted in 5222 votes for Young and 5209 votes for the plaintiff, a difference of 13 votes. Palmer again received 55 votes.
On November 15, 2018, the plaintiff filed a complaint in the trial court, seeking the following relief: (1) "a declaration that, as a result of the errors committed at the Bunnell [High School] polling place and resulting disenfranchisement of voters in the 120th assembly district, a new election must be held for the office of state representative for the 120th [assembly] district"; (2) "a mandatory injunction requiring the defendants to hold a special election for the office of state representative in the 120th assembly district"; and (3) "a prohibitory injunction precluding [the state defendants] from declaring a candidate elected state representative in the 120th assembly district before a new election is held." The plaintiff subsequently amended that complaint to include claims pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that the voters who received incorrect ballots had been deprived of their fundamental rights to vote and to equal protection of the laws under the United States constitution. In addition, the plaintiff filed an application for a temporary injunction7 barring the state **444defendants from canvassing the votes for state representative from the 120th assembly district or declaring the results of any such canvass.
After the trial court granted Young's motion for permission to intervene in the action as a defendant, he-supported by the state defendants-moved to dismiss the amended complaint8 for lack of jurisdiction, arguing that, under the elections clause of the Connecticut constitution, our state House of Representatives has exclusive jurisdiction to resolve election disputes involving the election of its members. Young also objected to the plaintiff's application for a temporary injunction. The plaintiff objected to the motion to dismiss, contending that the trial court had jurisdiction *674to grant relief pursuant to § 9-328, and that he did not seek to challenge the final decision as to who won the election but, rather, whether the election was conducted under "procedures that comply with the General Statutes and the state and federal constitutions."
After conducting a hearing on the motion to dismiss the amended complaint, the trial court granted the motion in part with respect to the plaintiff's requests for a declaration and mandatory injunction requiring a new election for the office of state representative for the 120th assembly district.9 The court concluded that our state House of Representatives had exclusive jurisdiction over those matters pursuant to our state elections **445clause, even though the plaintiff had also asserted federal claims pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The court granted, however, the plaintiff's request for a temporary injunction enjoining the state defendants from canvassing the votes or declaring the winner of the election pursuant to General Statutes § 9-319,10 reasoning that the "limited exercise of its jurisdiction over the application" for the injunction was necessary to maintain the status quo and to "ensur[e] that the House [of Representatives] has an opportunity to exercise its authority." The trial court rendered judgment accordingly. These expedited public interest appeals pursuant to § 52-265a followed.
We held oral argument in these appeals on December 21, 2018.11 Immediately after oral argument, we issued the following order: "After a hearing and based on the record and claims before the court, it is hereby ordered that the judgment of the trial court is affirmed insofar as it lacks jurisdiction at this time. In accordance with this determination, it is further ordered that the trial court's injunction is vacated. A written decision will follow." This is that written decision.
**446"A motion to dismiss ... properly attacks the jurisdiction of the court, essentially asserting that the plaintiff cannot as a matter of law and fact state a cause of action that should be heard by the court." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Giannoni v. Commissioner of Transportation , 322 Conn. 344, 349, 141 A.3d 784 (2016). Thus, "[w]e begin with the standard of review and the general principles governing a trial court's disposition of a motion to dismiss that challenges jurisdiction."
*675Rocky Hill v. SecureCare Realty, LLC , 315 Conn. 265, 276, 105 A.3d 857 (2015). "A determination regarding a trial court's subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law," particularly when it presents questions of constitutional and statutory interpretation. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. Accordingly, "[o]ur review of the court's ultimate legal conclusion[s] and resulting [determination] of the motion to dismiss will be de novo....
"Depending on the record before it, a trial court ruling on a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to Practice Book § 10-31 (a) (1) may decide that motion on the basis of: (1) the complaint alone; (2) the complaint supplemented by undisputed facts evidenced in the record; or (3) the complaint supplemented by undisputed facts plus the court's resolution of disputed facts.... Different rules and procedures will apply, depending on the state of the record at the time the motion is filed....
"If [as here] the court decides the motion on the basis of the complaint alone, it must consider the allegations of the complaint in their most favorable light.... In this regard, a court must take the facts to be those alleged in the complaint, including those facts necessarily implied from the allegations, construing them in a manner most favorable to the pleader." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., at 276-77, 105 A.3d 857.
THE PLAINTIFF'S APPEAL
In attacking the trial court's jurisdictional conclusion, the plaintiff contends that (1) the elections clause of the Connecticut constitution does not "divest the judiciary of jurisdiction over this dispute," (2) § 9-328 provides a statutory basis for jurisdiction, and (3) the supremacy clause of the United States constitution renders inapplicable any restriction imposed by the state elections clause with respect to his federal constitutional claims brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. We address each of these claims in turn.
A
Whether the Elections Clause Divests State Courts of Jurisdiction over This Case
We begin with the plaintiff's claim that the elections clause does not divest state courts of jurisdiction over this case. The plaintiff contends that the plain language of the elections clause, which makes "each house ... the final judge of the election returns and qualifications of its own members"; Conn. Const., art. III, § 7; renders final the legislature's judgment about which candidate received the most votes during the election, but does not give the General Assembly "any authority to resolve disputes concerning the procedures employed during an election, much less [the] sole authority to do so." In support of this argument, the plaintiff relies on Roudebush v. Hartke , 405 U.S. 15, 92 S.Ct. 804, 31 L.Ed.2d 1 (1972), and decisions of several sister state courts; see, e.g., State ex rel. Wahl v. Richards , 44 Del. 566, 64 A.2d 400 (1949) ; State ex rel. Wheeler v. Shelby Circuit Court , 267 Ind. 265, 369 N.E.2d 933 (1977) ; State ex rel. Olson v. Bakken , 329 N.W.2d 575 (N.D. 1983) ; McGann v. Board of Elections , 85 R.I. 223, 129 A.2d 341 (1957) ;
**448McIntyre v. Wick , 558 N.W.2d 347 (S.D. 1996) ; in support of the "distinction between the authority to determine which candidate is entitled to be seated in the legislature (which is the purview of each house of the legislature), and the authority to decide disputes over the election process itself." The plaintiff further argues that only the courts, and not the *676state House of Representatives, have the institutional authority to issue the requested equitable relief, namely, a new election. The plaintiff emphasizes that "he is not asking the court to declare him the winner of the election" but, instead, "is asking the court to remedy constitutional and statutory violations in the administration of the election ... which is a core function of the judiciary."
In response, the defendants contend that the plaintiff's interpretation of the elections clause would "inject our courts into a General Assembly election ... for the first time in our history" and that the state House of Representatives "is the sole entity that is constitutionally authorized to determine how such disputes shall be resolved." Relying on State ex rel. Morris v. Bulkeley , 61 Conn. 287, 23 A. 186 (1892), Selleck v. Common Council , 40 Conn. 359 (1873), and In re Application of Mylchreest , 6 Conn. Supp. 435 (1938), together with a decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit interpreting the elections clause of the United States constitution, Morgan v. United States , 801 F.2d 445 (D.C. Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 911, 107 S.Ct. 1359, 94 L.Ed.2d 529 (1987), the defendants argue that the House of Representatives-acting via its contested elections committee pursuant to House Rule No. 19-has "exclusive jurisdiction over house elections contests." See House Res. No. 2, 2019 Sess. (adopted January 9, 2019). The defendants further argue that Roudebush v. Hartke , supra, 405 U.S. at 15, 92 S.Ct. 804, and the sister state cases on which the plaintiff relies are distinguishable because the courts in those cases had specific statutory authorization **449to act, and also had functioned ministerially to order recounts, rather than to render a "judicial finding that the election process was so unreliable that a new election should be ordered ...." Young then contends that Connecticut's elections clause provides the legislature with the authority to declare a vacancy and order a special election to fill it, upon a determination that the elections process was fatally flawed in this case. We agree with the defendants and conclude that the elections clause divested the courts of authority over the election contest at issue in this case.
In State v. Geisler , 222 Conn. 672, 684-86, 610 A.2d 1225 (1992), we enumerated the following six factors to be considered in construing the state constitution: "(1) persuasive relevant federal precedents; (2) the text of the operative constitutional provisions; (3) historical insights into the intent of our constitutional forebears; (4) related Connecticut precedents; (5) persuasive precedents of other state courts; and (6) contemporary understandings of applicable economic and sociological norms, or as otherwise described, relevant public policies....
"The Geisler factors serve a dual purpose: they encourage the raising of state constitutional issues in a manner to which the opposing party ... can respond; and they encourage a principled development of our state constitutional jurisprudence. Although in Geisler we compartmentalized the factors that should be considered in order to stress that a systematic analysis is required, we recognize that they may be inextricably interwoven.... [N]ot every Geisler factor is relevant in all cases.... Moreover, a proper Geisler analysis does not require us simply to tally and follow the decisions favoring one party's state constitutional claim; a deeper review of those decisions' underpinnings is required because we follow only persuasive decisions." (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks **450omitted.) Doe v. Hartford Roman Catholic Diocesan Corp. , 317 Conn. 357, 407-408, 119 A.3d 462 (2015) ; see also *677Connecticut Coalition for Justice in Education Funding, Inc. v. Rell , 295 Conn. 240, 271 n.26, 990 A.2d 206 (2010) (plurality opinion) ("the Geisler framework is equally useful in analyzing the scope of a right guaranteed by the state constitution that has no federal analog" [internal quotation marks omitted] ); Honulik v. Greenwich , 293 Conn. 641, 648 n.9, 980 A.2d 845 (2009) ("Although we typically employ a Geisler analysis to determine whether a provision of our constitution affords broader individual rights than an analogous provision of the United States constitution ... we have at times considered the Geisler factors in interpreting language in our constitution that does not have a similar federal counterpart.... We consider a structured and comprehensive approach to be helpful in either context." [Citations omitted.] ).
We begin with the relevant constitutional text, which provides in relevant part: "The treasurer, secretary of the state, and comptroller shall canvass publicly the votes for senators and representatives. The person ... in each assembly district having the greatest number of votes for representative shall be declared to be duly elected for such district.... The return of votes, and the result of the canvass, shall be submitted to the house of representatives and to the senate on the first day of the session of the general assembly. Each house shall be the final judge of the election returns and qualifications of its own members ." (Emphasis added.) Conn. Const., art. III, § 7. We note at the outset that the plaintiff does not appear to dispute that this language suggests that each house of the legislature has exclusive jurisdiction over disputes that come within the scope of the elections clause. Instead, he claims that disputes, such as that presented in this case, concerning irregularities in the conduct of the legislative election itself, **451rather than the correctness of the tally of the votes cast, simply do not come within the scope of that constitutional provision. Although the use of the specific phrase "election returns" may reasonably be read-as argued by the plaintiff-to suggest that the legislature's exclusive jurisdiction is limited to vetting the state defendants' arithmetic,12 this narrow interpretation is inconsistent with case law from Connecticut construing our state elections clause and with federal and sister state authority construing analogous constitutional provisions.
Turning to Connecticut case law, the seminal case on the elections clause is In re Application of Mylchreest , supra, 6 Conn. Supp. at 436, in which our Superior Court concluded that, under the elections clause-then set forth within article third, § 6, of the 1818 Connecticut constitution-it is "not proper for any court to be given power to pass upon the question as to who has been elected state senator or representative." The court rejected an application for an order seeking a recount of votes in a state senate election because "a judge of *678the Superior Court has no jurisdiction to declare [the applicant] elected as senator [or] to issue a certificate to that effect, nor has a judge of the Superior Court jurisdiction to grant any other ultimate relief .... No **452statute authorizes a judge of the Superior Court to order a recount of votes for [s]tate [s]enator and failing that and likewise lacking jurisdiction to grant any relief which would be predicated on a finding as to what the actual vote was, such a judge has no jurisdiction either to order a recount or make such a finding." Id., at 437. In so concluding, the Superior Court relied on this court's decision in Selleck v. Common Council , supra, 40 Conn. at 359, which held that, by using the word "final" in legislation providing that " 'the board of councilmen ... shall be the final judges of the election returns and of the validity of elections and qualifications of its own members' "; id., at 360 (preliminary statement of facts and procedural history); the legislature "intended to divest the Superior Court of jurisdiction ... and make the common council the sole tribunal to determine the legality of the election of its members." (Emphasis added.) Id., at 362 ; see also In re Application of Mylchreest , supra, at 436. Moreover, in State ex rel. Morris v. Bulkeley , supra, 61 Conn. at 362, 23 A. 186, this court stated that, "[w]hen the people, speaking in their sovereign capacity by the constitution, appoint a single tribunal to ascertain and declare a certain result, and that tribunal does so ascertain and declare, there is no other authority that can interfere with or revise such declaration and change the result."
With respect to the constitutional history, there was "no significant debate in either 1818 or 1965" at the constitutional conventions with respect to the elections clause, which originally dates to 1818. W. Horton, The Connecticut State Constitution (2d Ed. 2012) pp. 115-16. Particularly given the importance in 1818 of the concept of the separation of powers;13 see id., pp. 11-13;
**453this silence directs our attention to the federal authority discussing the history of the elections clause of the United States constitution,14 because "[w]hen the states of the union adopted their own constitutions most followed both the substance and the procedures adopted by the founding fathers in the federal constitution." Kinsella v. Jaekle , 192 Conn. 704, 721, 475 A.2d 243 (1984). Thus, the elections clause of the Connecticut constitution, which differs only slightly from its federal counterpart, "may be understood in light of ... federal provisions and the intent of the founding fathers ...." (Footnote omitted.) Id. ; see also id., at 717-18, 475 A.2d 243 (relying on history of United States constitution for historical analysis of impeachment power under 1818 constitution given that "records of the constitutional convention of 1818 do not explain the framers' reasons" for "specifically reserv[ing] the power of impeachment and removal of executive and judicial officers to the General Assembly").
*679Our discussion of federal authority begins with the United States Supreme Court's decision in Roudebush v. Hartke , supra, 405 U.S. at 15, 92 S.Ct. 804, upon which the plaintiff relies heavily. In that case, the Supreme Court considered whether Indiana's state statutory recount procedure was a valid exercise of the state's power to prescribe the time, place, and manner of holding an election pursuant to article one, § 4, of the United States constitution15 or, instead, was an unconstitutional **454infringement on the United States Senate's power under the elections clause of the United States constitution; see footnote 14 of this opinion; to judge the election returns for its own members. See Roudebush v. Hartke , supra, at 23-24, 92 S.Ct. 804. The court acknowledged that "a [s]tate's verification of the accuracy of election results pursuant to its [article one, § 4 powers] is not totally separable from the Senate's power to judge elections and returns." Id., at 25, 92 S.Ct. 804. The court concluded, however, that "a recount can be said to 'usurp' the Senate's function only if it frustrates the Senate's ability to make an independent final judgment . A recount does not prevent the Senate from independently evaluating the election any more than the initial count does. The Senate is free to accept or reject the apparent winner in either count, and, if it chooses, to conduct its own recount." (Emphasis added; footnotes omitted.) Id., at 25-26, 92 S.Ct. 804. Accordingly, the court concluded that Indiana's statutory recount procedure was constitutional. Id., at 26, 92 S.Ct. 804 ; see also McIntyre v. Fallahay , 766 F.2d 1078, 1086 (7th Cir. 1985) (noting that "states may give advice" to Congress regarding apparent winner of election "in accordance with their own rules," although Congress may ignore that advice); Durkin v. Snow , 403 F.Supp. 18, 20 (D.N.H. 1974) (under Roudebush , New Hampshire statute authorizing recount procedure for election for office of United States senator was constitutional); Franken v. Pawlenty , 762 N.W.2d 558, 562-63 (Minn. 2009) (state statute authorizing court to make findings and conclusions as to which party received highest number of votes in election for United States senator did not violate federal elections clause).
We read Roudebush to hold only that state legislatures have constitutional authority pursuant to article one, § 4, of the United States constitution to enact their own laws for the purpose of verifying the accuracy of the results in Congressional elections, subject to the **455right of each house of Congress to make a final determination on that issue. Roudebush does not stand for the proposition that the elections clause affords the courts an inherent role in resolving a dispute over a legislative election, particularly in the absence of statutory authority to do so. Instead, post- Roudebush federal case law interpreting the elections clause of the United States constitution even more clearly supports the exclusivity of the legislative branch's jurisdiction to determine the lawfulness of an election to that body. The leading case on this point is the decision of the District of Columbia Circuit in Morgan v. United States , supra, 801 F.2d at 445. In an opinion written by then Judge Antonin Scalia, the court concluded that the elections clause deprived it of "jurisdiction to review the substance or procedure of a determination by the [United States] House of Representatives that one of two contestants was lawfully elected to that body." Id. The *680court concluded that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction over numerous constitutional and federal claims brought to challenge the party line decision of the House of Representatives-following a task force investigation and recount-to reject a state recount declaring the Republican candidate the winner and to seat, instead, the Democratic candidate. Id., at 446. Following Roudebush , the court concluded that it lacked jurisdiction over these claims because the elections clause of the United States constitution "unambiguously proscribes judicial review of the proceedings in the House of Representatives that led to the seating of" the Democratic candidate and that it would be "difficult to imagine a clearer case of 'textually demonstrable constitutional commitment' of an issue to another branch of government to the exclusion of the courts16 ... than the language of [the federal elections clause], that '[e]ach House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members.' **456The provision states not merely that each House 'may judge' these matters, but that each House 'shall be the Judge' .... The exclusion of others-and in particular of others who are judges -could not be more evident. Hence, without need to rely upon the amorphous and partly prudential doctrine of 'political questions,' ... we simply lack jurisdiction to proceed."17 (Citations omitted; emphasis altered; footnote added.) Id., at 446-47.
Significant to our historical analysis under Geisler is the court's observation in Morgan that the "history of the [federal elections clause] is entirely consistent with its plain exclusion of judicial jurisdiction. In the formative years of the American republic, it was the uniform practice of England and America for legislatures to be the final judges of the elections and qualifications of their members.... There was no opposition to the [e]lections [c]lause in the [f]ederal [c]onstitutional [c]onvention ... and the minor opposition in the ratification debates focused upon the clause's removal of **457final authority not from the courts , but from the state legislatures, where the Articles of Confederation had vested an analogous power.... It is noteworthy that none of the responses to the opposition mentions the safeguard of judicial review. Such a safeguard was evidently unthinkable, since the determination of the legislative House was itself deemed to be a judicial one." (Citations omitted; emphasis added; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., at 447. The court cited James Kent for the proposition that the legislature, *681in judging election returns and the qualification of its members, acts in a " 'a judicial character' " and that such decisions, " 'like the decisions of any other court of justice, ought to be regulated by known principles of law, and strictly adhered to, for the sake of uniformity and certainty.' " (Emphasis altered.) Id., citing 1 J. Kent, Commentaries on American Law (8th Ed. 1854) p. 248. Thus, the court further emphasized that the federal elections clause's "command to 'be the Judge of ... Elections' excludes other judges." Morgan v. United States , supra, 801 F.2d at 450 ; see also McIntyre v. Fallahay , supra, 766 F.2d at 1082 ("[I]t is inappropriate for a federal court even to intimate how Congress ought to have decided" an election dispute because "[t]he House is not only 'Judge' but also final arbiter. Its decision about which ballots count, and who won, [is] not reviewable in any court.").
Turning to a review of the sister state decisions, we note that the "almost universal constitutional doctrine in the United States and the several states which have constitutions containing this or similar provisions is that ... [e]ach legislative body is the sole judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and its action in admitting or expelling a member is not reviewable in the courts. Furthermore, a statute which requires a court to inquire into the commission of corrupt practices in the election of a **458member of the legislature is not constitutional."18 (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Foster v. Harden , 536 So.2d 905, 906 (Miss. 1988), overruled on other grounds by Dillon v. Myers , 227 So.3d 923 (Miss. 2017). Thus, consistent with the District of Columbia Circuit's decision in Morgan , the vast majority of our sister states hold that courts lack jurisdiction to entertain a contest pertaining to a legislative election, particularly in the absence of statutory authorization to do so. See Beatty v. Myrick , 218 Ga. 629, 629, 129 S.E.2d 764 (1963) (trial court lacked jurisdiction over "equitable action in which the plaintiffs seek to have adjudicated which of two named candidates was legally elected to represent" state senate district because state constitution's elections clause "vested [state senate] with exclusive power to adjudge the qualifications of its own members"); Stephenson v. Woodward , 182 S.W.3d 162, 168-69 (Ky. 2005) (rejecting argument under state constitution's elections clause that court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to entertain challenge to candidate's qualifications to appear on ballot, filed before election, because it "does not involve an election contest," namely, a "[postelection] procedure involving an election that has been held," as authorizing statute did not require adjudication of dispute before election);19 **459*682Wheatley v. Secretary of Commonwealth , 439 Mass. 849, 853 and n.8, 792 N.E.2d 645 (2003) (concluding that court lacked authority under state constitution's elections clause to order new election in light of decision by state house of representatives to seat candidate, but "express[ing] no opinion whether any differences in those facts, sequence of events, or procedural history might have affected the outcome of [the] proceedings"); Scheibel v. Pavlak , 282 N.W.2d 843, 847-48 (Minn. 1979) (observing that, under state constitution's elections clause, courts' statutory jurisdiction over legislative election contests left state supreme court without "jurisdiction to issue a final and binding decision in [the] matter, and our opinion by statute will be and by the [state constitution] must only be advisory to the [state] House of Representatives," but leaving for another day constitutionality of that question under separation of powers and preclusion on advisory opinions); Dillon v. Myers , 227 So.3d 923, 927-28 (Miss. 2017) (concluding that state constitution's elections clause "places judging the election of members of the [l]egislature in the [l]egislature's bailiwick," for purposes of "general [or special] elections," with separate constitutional clause governing party primaries and "requir[ing] the [l]egislature to enact laws to secure fairness in primary elections," operating to afford state courts jurisdiction over legislative primary election dispute); Gammage v. Compton , 548 S.W.2d 1, 5 (Tex. 1977) (rejecting reliance on Roudebush , and construing statute giving state court "original and exclusive jurisdiction of all contests of elections, general or special, for all school, municipal, precinct, county, district, state offices, or federal offices" as inapplicable to federal congressional elections because of federal elections clause).
A separate line of sister state cases holds, consistent with Roudebush , that state legislatures may enact statutes setting forth procedures by which the vote may **460be tabulated and, in the case of close elections, retabulated, in elections for state legislative office-provided that those statutes do not impinge on the ultimate constitutional right and obligation of the legislative body to judge the election returns for its own members.20 See Meyer v. Lamm , 846 P.2d 862, 870 (Colo. 1993) ("proceedings involving recounts of election results which are inherently tentative and are not final or conclusive, and in which recounts are conducted pursuant to the election laws prior to the certification by the secretary of state that a person has been duly elected, are not 'election contests' " for purpose of state constitution's elections clause); State ex rel. Wheeler v. Shelby Circuit Court , supra, 267 Ind. at 268, 369 N.E.2d 933 (statute requiring court to order and superintend recount *683involving state legislative office did not impinge on legislature's authority under elections clause because recount is not binding and "is merely an extension of this voting process and has been provided for by the legislature in an effort to [ensure] the correctness of the vote count"); Rice v. Power , 19 N.Y.2d 106, 108, 224 N.E.2d 865, 278 N.Y.S.2d 361 (1967) (statute conferring jurisdiction on court to order recanvass of ballots in order to ensure "that the **461certificate reflect[s] an accurate tally of the votes cast" did not impinge on constitutional authority of constitutional convention to judge election returns of its members when convention remained free to disregard certificate of election); Williamson v. State Election Board , 431 P.2d 352, 355-56 (Okla. 1967) (court has constitutional authority to enforce statutory recount procedure by order of mandamus); McIntyre v. Wick , supra, 558 N.W.2d at 356-57 (concluding that statute conferring power on state supreme court to review procedures of judicially appointed recount boards that was "necessary to guard against irregularities and errors in the tabulation of votes and [to verify] the accuracy of elections results" did not violate elections clause because court "lack[ed] ... any jurisdiction to dictate the final determination of a legislative election," and noting that its "review of a recount and judgment in such a proceeding merely constitutes evidence" [footnote omitted] ).
In our view, these recount cases are distinguishable because a recount is a process that requires the ministerial action of tallying the votes cast-thus ensuring the accuracy of the vote tally that the legislature is ultimately to consider-rather than finding facts in a judicial manner with respect to the fairness or legality of the underlying elections process. See Young v. Mikva , 66 Ill. 2d 579, 584-85, 6 Ill.Dec. 904, 363 N.E.2d 851 (1977) (distinguishing Roudebush as upholding constitutionality of administrative recount of ballots under state procedures, rather than sanctioning election contest for congressional seat); Lamb v. Hammond , 308 Md. 286, 303-304, 518 A.2d 1057 (1987) (concluding that state constitution did not preclude jurisdiction over action based "upon a timely complaint that canvassing officials have improperly refused to canvass votes that were lawfully cast," and that "the appropriate court ... may inquire into the matter, determine whether the administrative **462officials have carried out their ministerial duties in accordance with the law, and, if they have not, command them to do so," because this exercise of jurisdiction was "complementary" of legislature's jurisdiction over election contests under state elections clause); McIntyre v. Wick , supra, 558 N.W.2d at 356 n.7 (distinguishing "election contest," which "relates to a determination of the election," from "[a] recount [that] is addressed only to the correct determination of the true and actual count of the ballots cast," and noting that "[d]uties in connection with a recount ... are more in the nature of a ministerial or administrative function than a judicial or determinative function").
The plaintiff raises several prudential arguments to bolster his interpretation of the elections clause that would allow the exercise of jurisdiction by the courts over legislative election disputes. He contends that the courts must have jurisdiction over disputes involving the election process because only they have the authority to grant the relief that he is requesting, namely, a new election. In support of this claim, he relies on the statement of the North Dakota Supreme Court in State ex rel. Olson v. Bakken , supra, 329 N.W.2d at 579, that "the [l]egislature is not in a position to provide any affirmative equitable remedy. The [l]egislature could reject the 'election' of a legislator which may put into *684operation certain provisions of the [state] [c]onstitution and statutes resulting in the [g]overnor calling a special election. But other affirmative equitable remedies would not be available." See also McIntyre v. Wick , supra, 558 N.W.2d at 356 n.7 (describing "dearth of affirmative equitable remedies available from the legislature for irregularities in the election process"). Second, the plaintiff relies on the South Dakota Supreme Court's observation in McIntyre , supporting the complementary exercise of jurisdiction over election challenges by the courts and the legislature, that the "legislature is **463not normally in session when the general election is held. Consequently, considerable confusion and delay would result if the above superintending responsibilities were borne exclusively by the legislature." Id., at 356 ; see State ex rel. Olson v. Bakken , supra, at 578 (same). These arguments bring us, then, to the Geisler factor requiring us to consider the public policy aspects of the constitutional question.
First, we disagree with the plaintiff's reliance on the North Dakota decision in State ex rel. Olson v. Bakken , supra, 329 N.W.2d at 579. That decision is an outlier in that it is one of the very few in which a state court has held that a state constitutional provision analogous to our elections clause does not confer exclusive jurisdiction on each legislative house to judge the elections returns for its own members.21 Moreover, the court in **464Bakken cited no authority in support of its statement that the only relief that a legislative house can provide when exercising its power to judge election returns is the rejection of a *685member and the scheduling of a special election. Finally, Bakken is squarely distinguishable because, unlike in the present case, that court had the benefit of a broadly worded election contest statute to support its exercise of jurisdiction.22 Accordingly, we conclude that Bakken is of minimal persuasive value.
Instead, we find telling, as a public policy matter, the absence of a statute authorizing elections contests in state legislative elections, when the legislature has provided such a statute for virtually every other state, federal, and municipal election. See General Statutes § 9-323 (election of presidential electors, United States senator, and United States representative); General Statutes § 9-324 (election of probate judges and governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of the state, treasurer, attorney general, and comptroller);
**465General Statutes § 9-328 (municipal officers and justice of peace); General Statutes § 9-329a (primary elections). The General Assembly has simply passed no statute sharing its authority over general legislative elections with the courts. Insofar as the legislature has "primary responsibility in pronouncing the public policy of our state"; (internal quotation marks omitted) Doe v. Hartford Roman Catholic Diocesan Corp. , supra, 317 Conn. at 438, 119 A.3d 462 ; we do not presume to fill this gap in our statutory scheme, particularly given the questionable constitutionality of doing so.23 See footnote 20 of this opinion.
Instead, our state House of Representatives has thus far addressed this gap in the election contest statutory scheme by adopting House Rule No. 19 to implement its constitutional function of judging the elections returns for its own members. The *686current version of House Rule No. 19 provides: "At the opening of each session a committee on contested elections, consisting of four members, at least two of whom shall be members **466of the minority party in the House, shall be appointed by the speaker to take into consideration all contested elections of the members of the House and to report the facts, with their opinion thereon in a manner that may be directed by House resolution." House Res. No. 2, 2019 Sess. (adopted January 9, 2019). Inasmuch as proceedings pursuant to House Rule No. 19 are "in a judicial character"; (emphasis omitted; internal quotation marks omitted) Morgan v. United States , supra, 801 F.2d at 448 ; we understand the committee, and our state House of Representatives as a whole acting pursuant to the opinion of the committee, to have all of the powers that a judicial body would have. The exercise of this judicial power "necessarily involves the ascertainment of facts, the attendance of witnesses, the examination of such witnesses, with the power to compel them to answer pertinent questions, to determine the facts and apply the appropriate rules of law, and, finally, to render a judgment which is beyond the authority of any other tribunal to review. "24 (Emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. Accordingly, in the absence of a rule, statute, or constitutional provision otherwise limiting the state House of Representatives' remedial authority, we can see no **467reason why it-sitting as a quasi-judicial body-would lack that authority to order equitable remedies, including a new election, upon receipt of the committee's report.25 See P. Salamanca & J. Keller, "The Legislative Privilege To Judge the Qualifications, Elections, and Returns of Members," 95 Ky. L.J. 241, 338 (2007) (describing Senate's "pragmatic step of declaring [New Hampshire] seat vacant" when, in "closest [United States] Senate race in history, the Senate decided that it could not satisfactorily determine [who] had prevailed, yet no one had established that the two [candidates] had received the same number of votes" [footnote omitted] ). We conclude, therefore, that, as a public policy matter, legislative election contests are "an adequate and constitutional remedy ...." Gammage v. Compton , supra, 548 S.W.2d at 4. *687Our review of the Geisler factors leads us to conclude that the elections clause affords the state House of Representatives exclusive jurisdiction over the plaintiff's election challenge in this case, particularly in the absence of legislation sharing that jurisdiction with the courts in some way. We are, however, cognizant of the seriousness of the plaintiff's allegations in this case, insofar as the alleged distribution of the wrong ballots could have deprived numerous electors of their right to cast a vote for their state representative, and that the margin was small enough that the alleged error might have affected the outcome of the election. Given the seriousness of those claims, and its exclusive jurisdiction **468under the elections clause, we "must presume that the members of the General Assembly will carry out their duties with scrupulous attention to the laws under which they serve. [W]e must and should presume that any officer of the state ... will act lawfully, correctly, in good faith and in sincerity of purpose in the execution of his [or her] duties."26 (Footnote omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Kinsella v. Jaekle , supra, 192 Conn. at 729, 475 A.2d 243 ; see also General Statutes § 1-25 (prescribing identical oath to uphold Connecticut and federal constitutions for judges and members of General Assembly). Accordingly, we conclude that exclusive jurisdiction over the plaintiff's claims in the present case lies with our state House of Representatives.27 **469B
Whether General Statutes § 9-328 Confers Jurisdiction in This Case
We next address the plaintiff's contention that, even if the elections clause deprives the court of inherent jurisdiction to *688entertain the plaintiff's complaint seeking a new election, it nevertheless has jurisdiction pursuant to § 9-328, which governs election contests for "municipal office." In particular, the plaintiff relies on the broad wording of § 9-328, which extends to "any municipal office," and argues that it applies to the election of the state representative for the 120th assembly district because only the electors of the town may vote in that election, thus rendering that seat a municipal office as that term is defined by General Statutes § 9-372 (7).28 The plaintiff also posits that § 9-328 is applicable because the parties have "consistently treated this election as one for a 'municipal office,' " given that the "candidates followed the statutory nomination procedure applicable to 'municipal offices' " because the 120th assembly district is limited to a single town.
In response, the defendants contend that § 9-328 does not apply because the office of state representative for the 120th assembly district is not a "municipal office." They contend that the statutory scheme plainly and unambiguously establishes that § 9-328 is inapplicable because it pertains only to "municipal elections," as defined by General Statutes § 9-1 (h) and (i), which are **470elections for the "public officials of such municipality," with "municipality" defined as "any city, borough or town within the state." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) To this end, the defendants rely on, inter alia, Republican Party of Connecticut v. Merrill , 307 Conn. 470, 55 A.3d 251 (2012), and argue that the definition of "municipal office" set forth in § 9-372 (7) is expressly inapplicable in this case by its own terms. The defendants contend that the plaintiff's construction would lead to a "mystifyingly absurd and likely unconstitutional result," namely, that "individuals in a single town assembly district would be able to seek judicial review of alleged election irregularities under § 9-328, while candidates and electors in multitown assembly districts would have no such remedy. Such differential treatment of individuals based solely on where they happen to live plainly is not what the legislature provided or intended."29 We agree with the defendants and conclude that an election for a house seat is not one for a "municipal office" subject to challenge pursuant to § 9-328.
Whether the office of state representative for the 120th assembly district is a "municipal office" for purposes of jurisdiction under § 9-328"presents a question of statutory construction over which we exercise plenary review.... When construing a statute, [o]ur fundamental objective is to ascertain and give effect to the apparent intent of the legislature.... In other words, we seek to determine, in a reasoned manner, the meaning of the statutory language as applied to the facts of [the] case, including the question of whether the language actually does apply.... In seeking to determine **471that meaning, General Statutes § 1-2z directs us first to consider the text of the statute itself and its relationship to other statutes. If, after *689examining such text and considering such relationship, the meaning of such text is plain and unambiguous and does not yield absurd or unworkable results, extratextual evidence of the meaning of the statute shall not be considered.... When a statute is not plain and unambiguous, we also look for interpretive guidance to the legislative history and circumstances surrounding its enactment, to the legislative policy it was designed to implement, and to its relationship to existing legislation and common-law principles governing the same general subject matter .... The test to determine ambiguity is whether the statute, when read in context, is susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation.... Previous case law interpreting the statute remains instructive, because we do not write on a clean slate when this court previously has interpreted a statute ...." (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Marchesi v. Board of Selectmen , 328 Conn. 615, 627-28, 181 A.3d 531 (2018).
We begin with the text of § 9-328, which provides in relevant part that "[a]ny elector or candidate claiming to have been aggrieved by any ruling of any election official in connection with an election for any municipal office ... may bring a complaint to any judge of the Superior Court for relief therefrom." (Emphasis added.) The plaintiff relies on § 9-372 (7), which provides: " 'Municipal office' means an elective office for which only the electors of a single town, city, borough, or political subdivision, as defined in subdivision (10) of this section, may vote, including the office of justice of the peace."30 Reading the statutory scheme as a **472whole, we conclude that the plaintiff's reliance on the definition of "municipal office" in § 9-372 (7) is misplaced and that § 9-328 plainly and unambiguously does not apply to state legislative races, even those for seats located within the boundaries of a single municipality.
Turning first to the inapplicability of § 9-372 (7), we observe that the legislature expressly limited the applicability of that definition to cases that do not include election contests. Section 9-372 expressly provides that the definitions set forth in that statute apply to "chapter [153], chapter 157 and sections 9-51 to 9-67, inclusive, 9-169e, 9-217, 9-236 and 9-361 ...." We have held that this itemization in § 9-372 is exclusive. Specifically, in construing the ballot ordering statute, General Statutes § 9-249a, we recently concluded that the "definitions in § 9-372... do not, by their own terms, apply to the ballot ordering statute. Indeed, § 9-249a is conspicuously absent from the list of statutes to which the definitions in § 9-372 apply. Unless there is evidence to the contrary, statutory itemization indicates that the legislature intended the list to be exclusive." (Footnote omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Republican Party of Connecticut v. Merrill , supra, 307 Conn. at 492-93, 55 A.3d 251 ; see also id., at 494, 55 A.3d 251 ("[t]hus, in 2010, the Working Families Party was a 'minor party' for the purposes of [General Statutes] § 9-453t, which permitted it to cross endorse a major party candidate, but not a 'minor party' under the § 9-372 definition, which does not govern the section we are called on to interpret"). Because § 9-328 is contained in chapter 149 of the General Statutes, and therefore not in the chapters or sections listed in § 9-372, the definition of "municipal office" contained in § 9-372 (7), by its own unambiguous terms, does not apply to *690§ 9-328.31 See, e.g., **473DeNunzio v. DeNunzio , 320 Conn. 178, 194, 128 A.3d 901 (2016) ("[u]nder the doctrine of expressio unius est exclusio alterius-the expression of one thing is the exclusion of another-we presume that when the legislature expresses items as part of a group or series, an item that was not included was deliberately excluded").
Rather, the applicable definition is set forth in General Statutes § 9-1, which is the broader definitional provision applicable to the elections statutes contained in title 9 of the General Statutes, which contains both chapter 149 and § 9-372 of the General Statutes"[e]xcept as otherwise provided ...." Section 9-1 (h) provides that " '[m]unicipal election' means the regularly recurring election held in a municipality at which the electors of the municipality choose public officials of such municipality ...." (Emphasis added.) In ordinary usage, a state representative is not a "public [official] of a municipality," such as a mayor, first selectman, or council member, but is a public official of an assembly district. Although § 9-328 does not use the phrase "municipal election" but, instead, uses the phrase "election for any municipal office," it is reasonable to conclude that the legislature intended that, for purposes of that statute, a "municipal office" is an office occupied by a public official of a municipality, rather than a state legislative position voted in a "state election," which is defined as "the election held in the state on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in the even-numbered years in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of Connecticut ...." General Statutes § 9-1 (s).
Beyond the plain and unambiguous statutory text, the plaintiff's construction of § 9-328 would authorize aggrieved electors and candidates for the office of state representative to bring a complaint to the trial court pursuant to § 9-328 if the assembly district was located entirely within one town, but not if the assembly district **474crosses town boundaries. The plaintiff has provided no explanation as to why the legislature might have wanted to authorize such different treatment of assembly districts based on this arbitrary distinction, which would also appear to run afoul of the axiom "that those who promulgate statutes ... do not intend to promulgate statutes ... that lead to absurd consequences or bizarre results.... Accordingly, [w]e construe a statute in a manner that will not ... lead to absurd results." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Raftopol v. Ramey , 299 Conn. 681, 703, 12 A.3d 783 (2011). Moreover, given the constitutional concerns created by this distinction, from the perspective of both the equal protection and elections clauses, we also rely on the proposition that "statutes are to be read so as to avoid, rather than to create, constitutional questions." In re Valerie D. , 223 Conn. 492, 534, 613 A.2d 748 (1992). Given that the legislature has enacted election contest statutes unambiguously addressing every other state and federal elected position,32 we conclude that it similarly would have used unambiguous language *691to address this point had it intended to allow legislative election contests only in certain assembly districts.33 **475Accordingly, we conclude that the office of state representative for the 120th assembly district is not a "municipal office" for purposes of § 9-328 and that, therefore, that statute does not confer jurisdiction over this case on the courts.34
C
Whether State Courts Have Jurisdiction over the Plaintiff's Federal Constitutional Claims, Regardless of the State Elections Clause
We next address the plaintiff's claim that the trial court had jurisdiction to entertain his complaint because he brought a claim pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging due process and equal protection violations under the federal constitution. See **476Bush v. Gore , 531 U.S. 98, 104-105, 121 S.Ct. 525, 148 L.Ed.2d 388 (2000) ("[h]aving once granted the right to vote on equal terms, the [s]tate may not, by later arbitrary and disparate treatment, value one person's vote over that of another"); Baker v. Carr , 369 U.S. 186, 208, 82 S.Ct. 691, 7 L.Ed.2d 663 (1962) ("[a] citizen's right to a vote free of arbitrary impairment by state action has been judicially recognized as a right secured by the [c]onstitution"). Relying on, inter alia, *692Sullins v. Rodriguez , 281 Conn. 128, 913 A.2d 415 (2007), and Fetterman v. University of Connecticut , 192 Conn. 539, 473 A.2d 1176 (1984), the plaintiff further contends that, under the supremacy clause of the United States constitution, "state law defenses [such as lack of jurisdiction under article third, § 7, of the state constitution] cannot be asserted against federal constitutional claims ...." In response, the defendants rely on the decisions of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in Shannon v. Jacobowitz , 394 F.3d 90 (2d Cir. 2005), and Powell v. Power , 436 F.2d 84 (2d Cir. 1970), and contend that the plaintiff has not made a colorable claim of a federal constitutional violation because he has alleged only errors in the conduct of the election, rather than an intentional act by a government official directed at impairing a citizen's right to vote. Assuming that the supremacy clause of the United States constitution would override the divestiture of jurisdiction by the elections clause in the Connecticut constitution with respect to federal constitutional claims arising from a state legislative election, we conclude that the plaintiff nevertheless has not sufficiently pleaded federal constitutional claims.35 **478*693In considering claims of federal law, it is well settled that, when the United States Supreme Court has not spoken, we find decisions of the Second Circuit particularly persuasive. See, e.g., Gleason v. Smolinski , 319 Conn. 394, 444 n.41, 125 A.3d 920 (2015) ; Schnabel v. Tyler , 230 Conn. 735, 742-43, 646 A.2d 152 (1994). "In deciding to adopt the analysis of the Second Circuit ... we recognize that the decisions of the federal circuit in which a state court is located are entitled to great weight in the interpretation of a federal statute. This is particularly true in 42 U.S.C. § 1983 cases, where the federal statute confers concurrent jurisdiction on the federal and state courts." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Schnabel v. Tyler , supra, at 743 n.4, 646 A.2d 152. This avoids the "bizarre result" that would occur if we adopted one standard, "when in another courthouse, a few blocks away, the federal court, being bound by the Second Circuit rule," followed a different standard. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id."We do not believe that when Congress enacted the concurrent jurisdiction provision of § 1983 that it intended to create such a disparate treatment of plaintiffs depending on their choice of a federal or state forum." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id.
The Second Circuit has stated that the "right to vote is regarded as a fundamental political right ... preservative of all rights.... As the citizen's link to his laws and government ... the right to vote is at the heart of our democracy....
"Principles of federalism limit the power of federal courts to intervene in state elections, however.... The [c]onstitution leaves the conduct of state elections **479to the states ... and the Supreme Court has recognized that the [s]tates have long been held to have broad powers to determine the conditions under which the right of suffrage may be exercised.... Because the states traditionally have authority over their own elections and because the [c]onstitution contemplates that authority, courts have long recognized that not every state election dispute implicates federal constitutional rights.... Only in extraordinary circumstances will a challenge to a state [or local] election rise to the level of a constitutional deprivation." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Shannon v. Jacobowitz , supra, 394 F.3d at 93-94.
In Shannon , the Second Circuit emphasized that, in Daniels v. Williams , 474 U.S. 327, 328, 106 S.Ct. 662, 88 L.Ed.2d 662 (1986), the United States Supreme Court "clearly articulated that a finding of intentional conduct was a prerequisite for a due process claim.... Although Daniels was not a voting case, this [c]ourt's own cases support the application of the Daniels holding to the election context. In Powell v. Power , [supra, 436 F.2d at 85-86], six voters in a Congressional primary *694sought a federal remedy for errors committed by state election officials in permitting a number of individuals to cast ballots who under state law were not qualified to vote. The plaintiffs brought suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, invoking, inter alia, the [d]ue [p]rocess [c]lause of the [f]ourteenth [a]mendment. The [c]ourt found that 'the due process clause and [article I, § 2, offer] no guarantee against errors in the administration of an election.' " Shannon v. Jacobowitz , supra, 394 F.3d at 94. The Second Circuit observed that subsequent case law had reaffirmed the "intentional conduct requirement of Powell and Daniels ," and that, in voting cases, "plaintiffs must prove an intentional act in order to show a due process violation." Id., at 95-96. **480Significantly, the court further emphasized that, in "general, garden variety election irregularities do not violate the [d]ue [p]rocess [c]lause, even if they control the outcome of the vote or election.... Examples of such garden variety irregularities as identified by the federal courts include: malfunctioning of voting machines ... human error resulting in miscounting of votes and delay in arrival of voting machines ... allegedly inadequate state response to illegal cross-over voting ... mechanical and human error in counting votes ... technical deficiencies in printing ballots ... mistakenly allowing non-party members to vote in a congressional primary ... and arbitrary rejection of ten ballots ...."36 (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., at 96. Thus, the court concluded in Shannon that even an " 'outcome determinative' " malfunction of a voting machine in a local election was not a due process violation for purposes of liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 ; id., at 94 ; because "[a]t no point have [the plaintiffs] alleged that local officials acted intentionally or in a discriminatory manner with regard to the vote miscount. Both sides concede that the recorded results were likely due to an unforeseen malfunction with [a particular] voting machine .... A voting machine malfunction is the paradigmatic example of a 'garden variety' election dispute." Id., at 96. It described the voting machine malfunction as "differ[ing **481] significantly from purposeful state conduct directed at disenfranchising a class or group of citizens."37 Id. ; see also id., at 97 (declining to "invite federal intervention into every negligent disruption of a local election").
It is well settled in the Second Circuit that establishing an equal protection violation requires similar proof of intentional *695discrimination. See Powell v. Power , supra, 436 F.2d at 88 ("[u]neven or erroneous application of an otherwise valid statute constitutes a denial of equal protection only if it represents intentional or purposeful discrimination" [internal quotation marks omitted] ); see also Rivera-Powell v. New York City Board of Elections , 470 F.3d 458, 469-70 (2d Cir. 2006) (extending Shannon to first amendment violations premised on "allegedly unauthorized application of an admittedly valid restriction" because "a contrary holding would permit any plaintiff to obtain federal court review of even the most mundane election dispute merely by adding a [f]irst [a]mendment claim to his or her due process claim" [emphasis in original] ). Indeed, the Second Circuit subsequently held that " 'fundamental unfairness' alone, in the absence of intentional state conduct," is not sufficient to establish a constitutional violation. Hoblock v. Albany County Board of Elections , 422 F.3d 77, 97-98 (2d Cir. 2005). As the court stated in Powell , "we cannot believe that the framers of our [c]onstitution were so hypersensitive to ordinary human frailties as to lay down an unrealistic requirement that elections be free of any error." Powell v. Power , supra, at 88. **482In the operative complaint in the present case does not allege any intentional misconduct on the part of the officials charged with conducting the election for the 120th assembly district. Rather, in the allegations incorporated into the plaintiff's constitutional claims, he pleads that, "[d]uring the election on November 6, 2018, an irregularity developed during the day at the Bunnell High School polling location," namely, that, "[a]round midday, a packet of ballots for the 122nd assembly district was mistakenly used in the 120th assembly district voting line." (Emphasis added.) He further states that, "[a]s a result of this mistake , voters who were eligible to vote for state representative for the 120th assembly district were unable to do so, instead potentially casting votes in the wrong district." (Emphasis added.) The plaintiff then alleges that the moderator took corrective action and "noted the incident in his log as required" after "a voter detected the mistake ." (Emphasis added.) Nowhere does the plaintiff allege any intentional acts on the part of the election officials, describing the ballot mix-up only as "irregularities." Thus, the plaintiff has pleaded only a "garden variety election dispute" akin to the malfunctioning voting machine in Shannon , rather than the intentional conduct sufficient to state a constitutional claim under Second Circuit case law.38 See **483Hill v. Gunn , 367 F.Supp.2d 532, 534-35 (S.D.N.Y. 2005) *696(concluding that plaintiff did not state violation of right to vote under federal due process clause when she pleaded election workers "knew or should have known that because plaintiff's polling machine malfunctioned, she was unable to cast her vote and they therefore should have given her an additional opportunity to recast her vote," and that their refusal to permit her to recast vote was not act sufficiently intended to deprive her of constitutional right). We, therefore, conclude that the plaintiff has not made a colorable claim of a constitutional violation because he has alleged only that local elections officials made an unintentional mistake, rather than adopted an intentional practice or policy.39 Accordingly, **484even if our state *697courts would have jurisdiction over such a federal constitutional claim, the plaintiff has not sufficiently pleaded such a claim in the present case, and we uphold its dismissal by the trial court. See footnote 35 of this opinion.
II
THE DEFENDANTS' APPEALS FROM THE GRANT OF INJUNCTIVE RELIEF
We next turn to the defendants' appeals in which they claim that the trial court improperly granted the **485plaintiff's motion for a temporary injunction prohibiting the state officials from declaring a winner pursuant to § 9-319. The plaintiff disagrees, and also contends that the defendants' appeals have been rendered moot because of the passage of the statutory deadline in § 9-319, which requires that the "votes from the election be canvassed and a winner declared 'during the month in which they are cast,' " namely, November, 2018.
A
Mootness
Because it implicates this court's appellate subject matter jurisdiction, we begin with the plaintiff's mootness claim. The plaintiff contends that the defendants' appeals challenging the trial court's order of injunctive relief have been rendered moot because of the passage of the statutory deadline in § 9-319. The plaintiff posits that the "only way that there can be compliance with ... § 9-319 is with a new, complete, and constitutional election, where the votes are canvassed and the winner declared in the same month in which they are cast, after all eligible voters have had the opportunity to participate." The plaintiff contends that the defendants "cannot get practical relief through their appeals," in which they seek reversal of the injunction, because even if this court reverses that order, " § 9-319 remains unchallenged and in effect and, therefore, votes from the constitutionally infirm November 6, 2018 election now cannot be canvassed." The plaintiff relies on Office of the Governor v. Select Committee of Inquiry , 271 Conn. 540, 858 A.2d 709 (2004), which had deemed significant the fact that an appeal was heard and decided before the impeachment committee's deadline, and argues that the defendants' appeals are moot because of the passage of the November 30 deadline. In response, the state defendants contend that practical relief remains available because, independent of **486§ 9-319, article third, § 7, of the Connecticut constitution gives them a mandatory duty to canvass and declare. The state defendants also contend that the plaintiff does not cite any legal authority for the proposition that noncompliance with the statutory deadline actually precludes them from performing their election duties. We agree with the defendants, and conclude that their appeals are not moot.
"It is well established that [m]ootness implicates [this] court's subject matter jurisdiction and is thus a threshold matter for us to resolve.... It is a well-settled general rule that the existence of an actual controversy is an essential requisite to appellate jurisdiction; it is not the province of appellate courts to decide moot questions, disconnected from the granting of actual relief or from the determination *698of which no practical relief can follow.... An actual controversy must exist not only at the time the appeal is taken, but also throughout the pendency of the appeal. ... When, during the pendency of an appeal, events have occurred that preclude an appellate court from granting any practical relief through its disposition of the merits, a case has become moot." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) In re Emma F. , 315 Conn. 414, 423-24, 107 A.3d 947 (2015) ; see also, e.g., Statewide Grievance Committee v. Burton , 282 Conn. 1, 13, 917 A.2d 966 (2007) ("the central question in a mootness problem is whether a change in the circumstances that prevailed at the beginning of the litigation has forestalled the prospect for meaningful, practical, or effective relief").
Appeals challenging temporary injunctions may be rendered moot by, inter alia, the cessation of the challenged activity or the expiration of the injunction by its own terms. See, e.g., Connecticut State Employees Assn. v. American Federation of State, County & Municipal Employees, AFL-CIO , 188 Conn. 196, 199-200, 448 A.2d 1341 (1982). Whether an appeal from an injunction **487is, however, rendered moot by the passage of a statutory deadline for the enjoined action is a question of first impression for this court.40 On this point, we find instructive the decision of the District of Columbia Circuit in Jacksonville Port Authority v. Adams , 556 F.2d 52 (D.C. Cir. 1977). In Jacksonville Port Authority , the court concluded that an appeal from a denial of a temporary restraining order was not moot because a port authority could vindicate its right to a grant from the Federal Aviation Administration, despite the passage during the pendency of the litigation of a statutory deadline for the initiation of such grants, because a "congressional deadline on an agency's ability to take action on its own motion does not preclude an agency's authority to take later action on direction of a court exercising judicial review." Id., at 56-57. The court emphasized that "equitable considerations prevent an agency **488from raising a statutory prohibition on it-in reality, [as] a command to meet a deadline-as a defense to a suit brought prior to that deadline for money withheld by the agency's arrogation of unauthorized discretion." Id., at 55 ; see id. (observing that statutory deadline was intended "to *699avoid procrastination and the dangers of an agency discretion to dip into old unused authorizations"). The court emphasized that the port authority had "made timely application and brought suit within the time the agency is authorized to act, seeking judicial determination and vindication of its entitlement to the funds." Id., at 56. The court determined that, "in the interest of justice, the court may proceed as if action that should have been taken in the courthouse was timely taken," and that "it is a well-established prerogative of the [c]ourt to treat as done that which should have been done." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. ; see also Recording Industry Assn. v. Copyright Royalty Tribunal , 662 F.2d 1, 18 n.40 (D.C. Cir. 1981) ("[t]he statutory provision requiring the [defendant] to render its final decision within one year from initiation of proceedings ... does not preclude further proceedings on direction of a court exercising judicial review" [citation omitted] ); accord Sierra Pacific Industries v. Lyng , 866 F.2d 1099, 1111-12 (9th Cir. 1989) (when statutory deadline is not "jurisdictional," court may order equitable relief to compensate for agency's failure to act). This federal case law indicates, then, that the passage of the statutory deadline for an action that had been enjoined does not render moot an appeal from that injunction.
The District of Columbia Circuit's decision in Jacksonville Port Authority is consistent with Connecticut courts' authority-in the absence of statutory preclusion-to render judgments nunc pro tunc, or "now for then," when "necessary in furtherance of justice and in order to save a party from unjust prejudice ... caused by the act of the court or the course of judicial **489procedure. In other words, the practice is intended merely to make sure that one shall not suffer for an event which he could not avoid." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Gary Excavating Co. v. North Haven , 163 Conn. 428, 430, 311 A.2d 90 (1972). Thus, it is significant that there is nothing in § 9-319 that suggests that the appeal from the injunction was rendered moot by the passage of the November 30 deadline. That statute provides: "The votes for state senators, state representatives and judges of probate, as returned by the moderators, shall be canvassed, during the month in which they are cast , by the Treasurer, Secretary of the State and Comptroller, and they shall declare, except in case of a tie vote, who is elected senator in each senatorial district, representative in each assembly district and judge of probate in each probate district. The Secretary of the State shall, within three days after such declaration, give notice by mail to each person chosen state senator, state representative or judge of probate of his election." (Emphasis added.) General Statutes § 9-319. First, the statutory language setting the deadline of "during the month in which they are cast," modifies only the canvassing requirement, rather than the timing of the declaration. Second, there are no "negative words" in the statute invalidating or nullifying a canvass or declaration made after the passage of one month.41 Cf. Butts v. Bysiewicz , 298 Conn. 665, 678-80, 5 A.3d 932 (2010) (noting that General Statutes § 9-388, which requires *700that certificate of party's endorsement be received by prescribed deadline, has language providing that " 'certificate shall be invalid,' " or "lack legal effect," and also states that absence of certificate means **490that political party "shall be deemed to have made no endorsement of any candidate for such office"). Accordingly, we conclude that the defendants' appeals from the grant of the temporary injunction are not moot.
B
Merits
As to the defendants' challenge to the temporary injunction, they first contend that, because the trial court lacked jurisdiction over this case, it similarly lacked jurisdiction to consider the plaintiffs' motion for a temporary injunction, and should have dismissed the motion on that ground. The state defendants further emphasize that the trial court improperly relied on Kinsella v. Jaekle , supra, 192 Conn. at 704, 475 A.2d 243, in support of its conclusion that it had jurisdiction over the plaintiff's motion for a temporary injunction. In response, the plaintiff reiterates his jurisdictional arguments, previously addressed in part I of this opinion, to support the trial court's exercise of its jurisdiction to order a temporary injunction. We agree with the defendants, and conclude that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to enjoin the state defendants from declaring a winner pursuant to § 9-319.42
"A prayer for injunctive relief is addressed to the sound discretion of the court and the court's ruling can be reviewed only for the purpose of determining whether the decision was based on an erroneous statement of law or an abuse of discretion.... Therefore, unless the trial court has abused its discretion ... the trial court's decision must stand.... How a court balances the equities is discretionary but if, in balancing those equities, a trial court draws conclusions of law, our review is plenary." (Citation omitted; internal quotation **491marks omitted.) Commissioner of Correction v. Coleman , 303 Conn. 800, 810, 38 A.3d 84 (2012), cert. denied, 568 U.S. 1235, 133 S.Ct. 1593, 185 L.Ed.2d 589 (2013) ; see also, e.g., Aqleh v. Cadlerock Joint Venture II, L.P. , 299 Conn. 84, 97-98, 10 A.3d 498 (2010) (standard for granting temporary injunction).
If the trial court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a case, it similarly lacks jurisdiction to render even a temporary injunction. See Olcott v. Pendleton , 128 Conn. 292, 295-96, 22 A.2d 633 (1941) (emphasizing difference between jurisdiction and merits with respect to temporary injunctions); cf. Park City Hospital v. Commission on Hospitals & Health Care , 210 Conn. 697, 701-702, 556 A.2d 602 (1989) (given that trial court had equitable jurisdiction pursuant to General Statutes § 52-1, it did not need to consider aggrievement for purposes of administrative appeal before granting application for stay and restraining order); Holley v. McDonald , 154 Conn. 228, 233, 224 A.2d 727 (1966) (distinguishing "an erroneous exercise of the court's equitable jurisdiction" from "an action beyond that equitable jurisdiction"). Given our conclusion that the trial court lacked jurisdiction over the plaintiff's claims in the present case; see part I of this opinion; we conclude that it similarly lacked jurisdiction to enjoin the state defendants from canvassing the votes and declaring a winner, even temporarily. Accordingly, the temporary injunction *701must be vacated.43 See footnote 7 of this opinion. **492The judgment is reversed insofar as it denied Young's motion to dismiss in part and granted the plaintiff's application for a temporary injunction, and the case is remanded with direction to grant Young's motion to dismiss in its entirety; the judgment is affirmed in all other respects.
In this opinion the other justices concurred.