Justice Wecht announces the judgment of the Court with respect to Parts III and IV, in which Justice Donohue joins, and in which Justices Dougherty and Mundy concur in the result. Justice Wecht delivers an opinion in support of reversal with respect to Parts I and II, in which Justice Donohue joins. As to Parts I and II, Justices Dougherty and Mundy file separate opinions in support of affirmance.
ORDER
AND NOW , this 21st day of September, 2018, the order of the Court of Common Pleas is affirmed by operation of law, as the votes among the participating Justices are equally divided.
Chief Justice Saylor and Justices Baer and Todd did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.
OPINION
JUSTICE WECHT
*353Herbert Blakeney appeals from the dismissal of a facially untimely, second petition filed pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief Act ("PCRA").1 Recognizing that his petition is untimely, Blakeney relies, inter alia , upon the exception to the one-year time-bar for newly discovered facts.2 We affirm the PCRA court's orders denying Blakeney's requests for disqualification of the Dauphin County District Attorney's Office and recusal of the PCRA court. With respect to whether Blakeney has established that the facts upon which his claim is predicated were unknown to him and could not have been ascertained by the exercise of due diligence, this Court is equally divided. Accordingly, inasmuch as the Court is equally divided, the PCRA court's determination of untimeliness is affirmed.3
I. Background
We detailed the facts underlying Blakeney's convictions in our opinion on direct appeal, Commonwealth v. Blakeney ("Blakeney I "), 596 Pa. 510, 946 A.2d 645 (2008), and in our opinion following Blakeney's appeal from the denial of his first PCRA petition, Commonwealth v. Blakeney ("Blakeney II "), 631 Pa. 1, 108 A.3d 739 (2014). For purposes of today's proceeding, a brief summary will suffice.
Blakeney's estranged wife, Sacha Blakeney ("Sacha"), lived in an apartment with her friend Duana Swanson ("Swanson") and their respective children. One of Sacha's children, Basil, was fourteen months old (and not fathered by Blakeney). On February 1, 2000, Harrisburg police responded to a report of a domestic disturbance at the apartment, and officers escorted Blakeney from the scene. Afraid that Blakeney would return, Swanson asked the police "to keep an eye on the place." Blakeney I , 946 A.2d at 649.
In the early morning hours of February 2, 2000, Blakeney reentered the apartment. He carried a butcher knife. At that time, Sacha was not home. Blakeney confronted Swanson and the children in a bedroom. Blakeney grabbed Swanson by the arm as Swanson's son, Maurice, ran from the room. Maurice encountered Harrisburg Police Officer William Vernouski, who had heard Swanson screaming, standing on the threshold of the apartment door with his gun drawn. Officer Vernouski entered the apartment to find Blakeney stabbing Swanson repeatedly in the chest with the butcher knife. Blakeney continued to stab Swanson despite Officer Vernouski's repeated commands to drop the knife. Instead of complying, Blakeney strangled Swanson until she lost consciousness. When Swanson became unconscious, Blakeney grabbed Basil, clasping the child with his left arm while holding the knife in his right hand with the blade to Basil's throat. Officer Vernouski, who by that time had been joined by other officers, attempted to reason with Blakeney, who refused to put Basil down. Instead, Blakeney cut Basil's throat with the butcher knife in a sawing motion, causing the child's death. Blakeney relinquished control of Basil's body only after Officer Vernouski shot Blakeney three times.
*354Blakeney survived, and was charged with murder.4
In 2002, Blakeney proceeded to a jury trial in the Dauphin County Court of Common Pleas, with the Honorable John F. Cherry presiding. Blakeney chose to represent himself during trial, at both the "guilt" and "penalty" phases. Then-District Attorney Edward Marsico represented the Commonwealth at trial and on direct appeal.5 While representing himself, Blakeney, who is African-American and Muslim, made repeated references to his religion. For example, in his opening statement to the jury, Blakeney declared: "I don't want to cause nobody no problems. My job is clear. I am a Muslim .... This is a sign to my people, the Muslims. How you judge me today in front of them, that America has justice in their hearts still. Trust me. They will hear about this case." Notes of Testimony (N.T.), volume 2, 491-92.6 On August 8, 2002, the jury found Blakeney guilty of first-degree murder.
During the penalty phase, Blakeney declined to present any mitigating evidence, explaining to the court that he made this decision because "[t]his is a religious thing." N.T. 8/1/2002, volume 2, 925. The Commonwealth introduced evidence to support three aggravating circumstances, and the jury recommended a sentence of death. On October 17, 2002, Judge Cherry formally sentenced Blakeney to death. This Court affirmed. Blakeney I , 946 A.2d at 649. On February 23, 2009, the Supreme Court of the United States denied certiorari . Blakeney v. Pennsylvania , 555 U.S. 1177, 129 S.Ct. 1317, 173 L.Ed.2d 596 (2009).
In March 2009, Blakeney filed a timely, pro se PCRA petition. On December 21, 2010, Blakeney timely filed a counseled PCRA petition. The PCRA court denied relief without a hearing. This Court affirmed. Blakeney II , 108 A.3d at 739. Then-First Assistant District Attorney (now District Attorney) Francis Chardo represented the Commonwealth in post-conviction proceedings, and presently is counsel of record for the Commonwealth in Blakeney's ongoing federal habeas corpus proceedings.
On October 8, 2015, the Philadelphia Inquirer reported that media outlets had obtained a number of emails sent by and/or received from then-Justice Michael Eakin through a private email account that Justice Eakin established under the pseudonym "John Smith."7 The following day, the Reading Eagle (in a reprint of an Inquirer report) further described the emails. The Inquirer and the Eagle detailed the offensive content in these emails, sent or received by Justice Eakin, many of which referenced race, gender, religion, ethnicity, or class. The articles linked Justice Eakin's emails to unnamed members of the Dauphin County Court of Common Pleas and the Dauphin County District *355Attorney's Office. These emails had been in the possession of the Office of the Attorney General ("OAG"), which obtained them when they were sent to the official email addresses of persons employed by the OAG. The Inquirer began its account as follows: "Scroll through state Supreme Court Justice J. Michael Eakin's private inbox and it seems as if everyone is in on the joke: judges, state prosecutors, assistant U.S. attorneys, public defenders, private lawyers. Everyone, of course, except the defendants or victims who could wind up in their courtrooms or offices." The Inquirer and the Eagle described the emails as including:
An email sent by Justice Eakin containing a "joke" about a woman complaining to a doctor that her husband "beats me to a pulp," to which the doctor recommends that she "swish tea in her mouth" and not "swallow" until her husband is asleep, concluding: "You see how much keeping your mouth shut helps?"
An email sent by Justice Eakin containing the reference "Why I failed 4th Grade" with a photo of a teacher asking the student for two examples of an abstract noun and the student responding "your t--s."
An email sent to Justice Eakin attaching a video called "Craziest white man ever" featuring a man picking up immigrant day workers (referred to as "beaners" and "animals") [ ]under the ruse that he needs help with his deck, then turning them in to U.S. immigration officials, then laughing hysterically as they scatter from his pickup truck and saying: "That's what I do every couple of weeks just to get rid of - ya know, thin out the herd a little bit," ... "Make sure they don't overpopulate."
An email sent to Justice Eakin containing a "joke" in which a mother laments that Muslim children "blow up so fast, don't they?"
An email sent in 2011, after [Jerry] Sandusky was arrested for sexually abusing minors, containing an image of Macaulay Culkin from "Home Alone," replacing the burglar behind him with a smiling [Jerry] Sandusky.
An email with a video in which a black woman complains that President Barack Obama wants to create jobs. "You mean I'm not going to get my government check?" the woman asks.
Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus and for Collateral Relief ("Petition"), 11/30/2015, at 16-17 (citing William Bender, A Supreme Court Justice's Indecent Inbox , THE PHILADELPHIA INQUIRER , Oct. 8, 2015; Craig R. McCoy and Angela Couloumbis, Pa. Supreme Court Justice Reportedly Involved in Racist Email Exchanges , THE READING EAGLE , Oct. 9, 2015).8
An October 30, 2015 report by the Special Counsel to this Court further described the emails. In particular, the Special Counsel noted that Justice Eakin sent or forwarded many emails that were "insensitive, chauvinistic and offensive to women," including the first two emails discussed in the articles. Petition at 22 (citing Report of the Special Counsel Regarding *356the Review of Justice Eakin's Personal Email Communications, Joseph A. Del Sole, Oct. 30, 2015, attached as Exhibit 4, at 11). Although Justice Eakin did not send any emails that the Special Counsel characterized as racist, homophobic, or otherwise discriminatory to any group other than women, the Special Counsel noted that Justice Eakin also received "a substantial number of emails with jokes which are racially insensitive and disparaging of women and other groups," including Latinos, African-Americans, Muslims, and homosexuals. Report of the Special Counsel, Exhibit 4, at 13. According to the Special Counsel, many of these emails are repugnant in the eyes of the public. Id. at 24.
Within sixty days of the publication of the Inquirer and Eagle articles, on November 30, 2015, Blakeney filed his second PCRA petition, the timeliness of which is at issue in this appeal. In the Petition, Blakeney raised claims premised upon information discovered in the articles. In particular, Blakeney alleged that ex parte communications occurred between members of the Dauphin County District Attorney's Office (including then-District Attorney Marsico and then-First Assistant District Attorney Chardo), the Dauphin County bench, and Justice Eakin.
Blakeney asserted that these communications evinced a personal relationship of sufficient closeness and trust to demonstrate judicial bias, or at least the appearance thereof, and the loss of objectivity in the handling and disposition of cases on the part of Justice Eakin. Id. at 13, 14, 27 ("At some point a relationship goes beyond mere professional acquaintanceship to one where personal fealty could well supplant the duty of impartiality, even unconsciously."). In this respect, Blakeney averred that Justice Eakin's involvement in the exchange of offensive emails, which included racial humor, stereotypes, and "jokes" manifesting negative views of Muslims, was an embarrassing activity that Justice Eakin would wish to keep private. Blakeney asserted that:
The shared, highly offensive emails during the pendency of [Blakeney's] case creates the appearance, if not the actuality of Justice Eakin's bias in favor of the Commonwealth's and against [Blakeney's] interests... Their willingness to be included on emails that denigrate minorities and women, and those of certain faiths - particularly the Muslim faith - demonstrates a relationship of sufficient closeness and trust to create bias and loss of objectivity in the handling and disposition of cases. Indeed, those who exchange such publicly offensive emails - and potentially professionally embarrassing communications - rely upon each other to hold them confidential.
Petition, 11/30/2015, at 14; see also id. at 13 (asserting that communications that included Justice Eakin, members of the District Attorney's Office, and members of the Public Defender's Office "indicate personal relationships that create actual bias, or at the very least an appearance of bias on the part of the Justice"); id. at 26 (relying upon reports "that Justice Eakin sent and/or received sexist, racist, and homophobic emails on an email network that included the Dauphin County District Attorney, his First Assistant, as yet unnamed judges on the Dauphin County bench, and even the county's public defender"); id. (characterizing Justice Eakin's involvement in offensive emails as "an embarrassing activity which [Justice Eakin] wished to keep private.... The Dauphin County District Attorney ... was aware of these practices and could expose these practices at any time, undermining [Justice Eakin's] independence, integrity, and impartiality").
Because members of the District Attorney's Office were also party to some of the *357emails, and could expose the Justice at any time, Blakeney asserted that Justice Eakin was beholden to the prosecution to keep his emails private. Blakeney averred that such circumstances undermined Justice Eakin's independence, impartiality, and integrity.
According to Blakeney, the emails also demonstrated additional judicial bias, or the appearance thereof, on the part of Justice Eakin arising from the nature and content of the religiously, racially, and sexually offensive messages. Id. at 13. In furtherance of this argument, Blakeney alleged that Justice Eakin's judicial bias was particularly prejudicial in light of the fact that Blakeney made his religion part of his case. Blakeney observed that Justice Eakin participated in Blakeney's direct appeal and in Blakeney's PCRA appeal, and that the emails were sent between 2008 and 2012, when Blakeney's direct appeal was pending in this Court, when his PCRA was pending in the PCRA court, and when his PCRA appeal was pending before this Court.9
Blakeney asserted that Justice Eakin's participation in his case violated his right to due process of law. Id. at 15. In particular, the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution entitles a person to an "impartial and disinterested tribunal in both civil and criminal cases." Marshall v. Jerrico, Inc. , 446 U.S. 238, 242, 100 S.Ct. 1610, 64 L.Ed.2d 182 (1980). Even absent proof of actual bias, the Constitution protects against the probability of prejudice. See Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co. Inc. , 556 U.S. 868, 881, 129 S.Ct. 2252, 173 L.Ed.2d 1208 (2009) (providing that the inquiry "asks not whether the judge is actually, subjectively biased, but whether the average judge in his position is 'likely' to be neutral, or whether there is an unconstitutional 'potential for bias' ") (citing Mayberry v. Pennsylvania , 400 U.S. 455, 465-66, 91 S.Ct. 499, 27 L.Ed.2d 532 (1971) ). Based upon the emails, Blakeney asserted that Justice Eakin's judicial bias deprived Blakeney of an impartial tribunal and created a structural defect that rendered the proceedings fundamentally unfair and unconstitutional. Blakeney also claimed that Justice Eakin's judicial bias *358violated Blakeney's equal protection rights, his Eighth Amendment right to fairness and reliability in capital proceedings, his Sixth Amendment right to effective counsel at trial, his Fourteenth Amendment right to effective counsel on appeal, and his Pennsylvania law-based right to effective counsel throughout his first PCRA petition and appeal.
Finally, Blakeney asserted that the involvement of members of the District Attorney's office in the email exchanges raised "concerns as to whether [Blakeney's] prosecution, including the choice to proceed with the case as a death penalty case, and including the manner in which the jury was selected, was fair and unbiased." Petition at 31. It should be emphasized that, while Blakeney raised this concern, his assertions regarding involvement of the Commonwealth's attorneys in the email exchanges were made in service of his claim of judicial bias, rather than any claim of prosecutorial misconduct. As relief for his claim of judicial bias, Blakeney sought the reinstatement of his direct appeal and/or PCRA appeal in light of Justice Eakin's participation in those appeals.
Recognizing that the Petition was untimely on its face (because it was filed over a year from the date that his conviction became final in 2009), Blakeney invoked two timeliness exceptions to the PCRA's one-year time-bar: Section 9545(b)(1)(i) (governmental interference) and Section 9545(b)(1)(ii) (newly-discovered facts).10
On February 24, 2016, the Commonwealth filed its response. In that response, the Commonwealth did not dispute the timeliness of the Petition. Rather, the Commonwealth conceded that the Petition was, in fact, timely. Commonwealth's Response to PCRA Petition, 2/24/2016, at ¶ 9 ("As the facts underlying the claims in [Blakeney's] second PCRA petition were unknown to him and could not have been discovered by the exercise of due diligence, the petition is not untimely.").
Nor did the Commonwealth address the underlying claim of judicial bias on the part of Justice Eakin. Rather, the Commonwealth's sole response was to argue simply that Blakeney was not entitled to relief on his underlying claim because "there was no improper communication between the attorneys for the Commonwealth and Justice Eakin." Id. at ¶ 10. In this respect, the Commonwealth relied upon affidavits submitted by attorneys Marsico and Chardo asserting that they had received no communication directly from Justice Eakin. Instead, the two had received unsolicited emails from a lawyer named Terrence McGowan, who had received the emails from Justice Eakin and forwarded them to others. The affidavits asserted that the two Commonwealth attorneys neither responded to, nor forwarded, the emails. On the basis of the affidavits, the Commonwealth asked the PCRA
*359court to deny the Petition without a hearing.
On March 7, 2016, Blakeney filed a motion to disqualify the Dauphin County District Attorney's Office from participating in the litigation of the Petition. This motion was based upon the Marsico and Chardo affidavits, which, according to Blakeney, placed those two prosecutors in the role of witnesses to the events giving rise to the claim of judicial bias in the Petition. Blakeney asserted that, as with any other witnesses, the credibility and bias of these two attorneys was subject to challenge. Consequently, Blakeney argued that continued participation by attorneys Marsico and Chardo on behalf of the Commonwealth violated the Advocate-Witness Rule contained within Rule 3.7 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Professional Conduct.11 Blakeney asserted that the inclusion of attorneys Marsico and Chardo on the email chains demonstrated that these prosecutors have both a personal stake in the outcome of the case and an actual conflict of interest, thus warranting application of the Advocate-Witness Rule.
Also on March 7, 2016, Blakeney filed a motion to recuse all judges of the Dauphin County Court of Common Pleas, including Judge Cherry, from consideration of the Petition. Blakeney noted that media reports revealed that two unnamed members of the Dauphin County bench also were included in the email communications tied to Justice Eakin. Blakeney asserted that the PCRA court's judicial findings could involve comment upon the conduct of fellow members of the Dauphin bench or credibility determinations of these unnamed jurists, creating a conflict for the PCRA court that would give rise to the appearance of impropriety, and warranting the recusal of the entire county bench.
On June 30, 2016, the PCRA court provided notice of its intent to dismiss the Petition without a hearing, denied the motion to disqualify the District Attorney's Office, and denied the motion to recuse the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County. Blakeney responded by updating the PCRA court with evidence that had become available after he filed the Petition, including copies of the emails that were the subject of the Inquirer and Eagle articles and those emails that were admitted into evidence in the proceedings commenced against Justice Eakin in the Court of Judicial Discipline. On June 23, 2017, the PCRA court dismissed the Petition as untimely.
The PCRA court explained that it rejected Blakeney's reliance upon Section 9545(b)(1)(i) and (ii) because "[Blakeney's] submissions do not constitute fact, but rather a theory that the emails reflect a fact. The existence of emails, investigations or resulting reports bear no nexus to [Blakeney's] conviction and sentence." PCRA Ct. Op., 6/23/2017, at 4. The PCRA court provided no further analysis regarding the timeliness of the Petition.
With respect to Blakeney's request for Judge Cherry's recusal, which had been subsumed within Blakeney's request for the recusal of the entire county bench, the PCRA court held that this claim was "fully litigated or waived." Id. In particular, Judge Cherry observed that Blakeney had submitted computer discs containing more *360than a thousand items, yet had not identified any emails to which Judge Cherry was a party. Judge Cherry explained that he was not responsible for reviewing the thousands of items submitted in order to identify whether his own name appeared anywhere therein.
II. Timeliness of the Petition
On appeal to this Court,12 Blakeney first argues that the PCRA court erred by denying the Petition as untimely because he established the timeliness exception for newly discovered facts. 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(ii) ; Commonwealth v. Bennett , 593 Pa. 382, 930 A.2d 1264, 1270 (2007) (applying Section 9545(b)(1)(ii) to hold that the exception "simply requires [the] petitioner to allege and prove that there were 'facts' [upon which the claim is predicated] that were 'unknown' to him and that he exercised 'due diligence' "). In particular, Blakeney asserts that the facts (i.e. , the offensive emails) upon which his claim of judicial bias is predicated were unknown prior to the Inquirer and Eagle articles, and that he could not have ascertained the existence of the offensive emails any earlier by the exercise of due diligence.
As further support, Blakeney relies upon our recent decision in Commonwealth v. Chmiel , --- Pa. ----, 173 A.3d 617 (2017). In Chmiel , this Court held that an FBI press release admitting errors in a high percentage of cases involving FBI testimony on microscopic hair analysis was a fact that triggered the sixty-day window within which Chmiel was entitled to file his claim that the hair comparison analysis admitted at trial was flawed. Chmiel , 173 A.3d at 626. Blakeney asserts that the reasoning of Chmiel refutes the PCRA court's rationale that the Inquirer and Eagle articles, or the emails themselves, were not the facts upon which Blakeney's claim of judicial bias is predicated. Disputing the PCRA court's assertion that there was no nexus between the newspaper articles and Blakeney's conviction or sentence, Blakeney argues that this analysis goes to the merits of the underlying claim of judicial bias, not to the timeliness of that claim. Blakeney also observes that the Commonwealth did not argue to the PCRA court that the Petition was untimely, did not dispute the emails' existence or their offensive nature, and did not maintain that Blakeney could have known about the emails sooner.13
The Commonwealth responds by claiming, for the first time on appeal, that Blakeney's PCRA petition is untimely, and not subject to any timeliness exception, because the emails have no relationship to Blakeney's case. This position is grounded solely upon the Commonwealth's assertion *361that no prosecutor exchanged emails with Justice Eakin, or, in the alternative, that the attorneys for the Commonwealth did nothing more than receive emails.
Pursuant to Section 9545(b), a PCRA petition has to be filed within one year of the date the judgment becomes final, "unless the petition alleges and the petitioner proves" that one of the timeliness exceptions applies. 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b). As we have explained, a petitioner has the burden to plead and prove the applicability of the timeliness exceptions. Commonwealth v. Pursell , 561 Pa. 214, 749 A.2d 911, 914 (2000). To prove the exception for newly discovered facts, the petitioner must show that "the facts upon which the claim is predicated were unknown to the petitioner and could not have been ascertained by the exercise of due diligence." 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(ii). A petition invoking this exception must be filed "within 60 days of the date the claim could have been presented." Id. § 9545(b)(2). As the PCRA court's conclusion did not rest upon Section 9545(b)(2), we focus solely upon Section 9545(b)(1)(ii).
In Bennett, this Court held that the timeliness exception for newly discovered facts has two components that the petitioner must allege and prove. The petitioner must "establish that: 1) 'the facts upon which the claim was predicated were unknown ,' and 2) 'could not have been ascertained by the exercise of due diligence .' " Bennett , 930 A.2d at 1272 (quoting 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(ii) ) (italics in original). If the petitioner can establish both of these components, then the PCRA court has jurisdiction over the claim.
In Chmiel , the petitioner filed an untimely PCRA petition alleging that his conviction and death sentence rested upon unreliable hair comparison evidence in violation of the Constitution. Chmiel , 173 A.3d at 621. This Court held that the FBI press release (entitled "FBI Testimony on Microscopic Hair Analysis Contained Errors in at Least 90 Percent of Cases in Ongoing Review") constituted a "fact" for purposes of Section 9545(b)(1)(ii). Because Chmiel's claim challenged the hair comparison analysis that had been used at his trial, and because this post-conviction claim was predicated upon the newly discovered fact (which could not have been discovered sooner with the exercise of due diligence), we held that Chmiel properly had invoked the timeliness exception for newly discovered facts. Id. at 626.
With regard to the first component of Section 9545(b)(1)(ii) as articulated in Bennett , Blakeney has established that the facts upon which the underlying claim is predicated were unknown. The claim that Blakeney raised in the Petition is one of judicial bias, premised upon the argument that Justice Eakin's participation in Blakeney's direct appeal and PCRA appeal violated various constitutional guarantees. The fact upon which the claim is predicated is the group of emails, and the bias of Justice Eakin that they suggest. With the publication of the newspaper reports, Blakeney, an African-American and a Muslim, learned that a member of this Court had exchanged emails denigrating African-Americans and Muslims. Blakeney also learned that Justice Eakin had exchanged many other offensive emails with members of the prosecution, suggesting a relationship of sufficient closeness that threatened Justice Eakin's objectivity. These newly discovered facts revealed the potential for judicial bias that Blakeney believes unconstitutionally infected his appeals before this Court. The claim of judicial bias is predicated upon the existence and content of offensive emails transmitted by a sitting member of the court of last resort empowered to adjudicate Blakeney's two appeals (save for any resort to a federal forum).
*362Turning to the second component of Section 9545(b)(1)(ii) as defined in Bennett , Blakeney could not, by the exercise of due diligence, have ascertained that Justice Eakin sent and received offensive emails. This fact was not made public until the Inquirer and Eagle articles. Consistent with Bennett and Chmiel , the existence of the offensive emails, the content of which was revealed to the public with the publication of the newspaper reports and which serve as the factual predicate for Blakeney's underlying claim, satisfies the exception for newly discovered facts.
The PCRA court's assertion that Blakeney's "submissions do not constitute fact, but rather a theory that the emails reflect a fact" is puzzling. PCRA Ct. Op. at 4. The Inquirer and Eagle articles revealed the content of several racially and religiously offensive emails. As further emails became public, Blakeney updated the PCRA court as to their existence as well. There was nothing theoretical about the disparagement that the emails revealed. Rather, the emails revealed facts about a High Court jurist who participated in Blakeney's direct appeal and PCRA appeal, and those facts served as the predicate for a claim of judicial bias. The PCRA court also suggested that the emails bear no nexus to Blakeney's conviction or sentence. The law does not require a "nexus" between the newly-discovered facts and the conviction or sentence for purposes of satisfying the timeliness exception requirements of the PCRA. Rather, as explained above, Section 9545(b)(1)(ii) requires that the facts upon which the claim are predicated were previously unknown. Whether the newly-discovered facts bear a sufficient nexus to Blakeney's conviction or sentence for purposes of demonstrating judicial bias that exceeds constitutional standards is an assessment of the merits of the underlying claim. Consideration of the merits is distinct from a timeliness analysis. Commonwealth v. Stokes , 598 Pa. 574, 959 A.2d 306, 310 (2008).14 The question for timeliness purposes is whether the newly-discovered facts form a predicate for the underlying claim. Under our precedent, in this case, they do.15 Chmiel , 173 A.3d at 625-26 ;
*363Bennett , 930 A.2d at 1272-73. We therefore disagree with the PCRA court on the question of the Petition's timeliness relative to the exception for newly-discovered facts. 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(ii).
The Commonwealth's suggestion that the timeliness of Blakeney's Petition depends upon whether the Commonwealth attorneys exchanged emails with Justice Eakin or merely received emails is inapt. The emails allegedly reveal judicial bias on the part of Justice Eakin that arises from the offensive content of the emails and their apparent circulation to members of the District Attorney's Office, which assertedly could have caused Justice Eakin to be partial to the Commonwealth's position in Blakeney's appeals before this Court. The question for timeliness purposes is whether the facts upon which the claim of judicial bias is predicated were unknown and could not have been ascertained by the exercise of due diligence. Whether prosecutors Marsico and Chardo exchanged emails with Justice Eakin or merely received them has no bearing upon whether the Petition is timely.
On this issue, Justice Dougherty characterizes the newspaper articles reporting on the emails as allegations lacking in "any genuine basis" and contradicted by neutral sources. See Opinion in Support of Affirmance (Dougherty, J.) at 368. We disagree on both counts. The articles were premised upon emails that former Attorney General Kathleen Kane turned over to the Judicial Conduct Board and the State Ethics Commission. Although the emails themselves were disclosed to the media by anonymous sources, there is no reason to doubt the accuracy of the information that the media reported. We have never held that media reports cannot be the source of newly discovered facts for purposes of Section 9545(b)(1)(ii).16
In this case, Blakeney relied upon the articles as the trigger to comply with the sixty-day requirement of Section 9545(b)(1)(ii). He appended the Report of the Special Counsel to his petition, which supported the allegations reported in the articles. Recognizing that he could not yet discern the precise nature and scope of the constitutional violations he alleged, Blakeney *364also updated the PCRA court as he discovered new information. We do not fault Blakeney for choosing to protect his rights by filing the Petition within sixty days of the first time he became aware of this indication of judicial bias.
It appears that the "neutral source" to which Justice Dougherty refers is the Special Counsel's report. However, this report did not contradict the articles. Rather, as explained above, it corroborated the information provided therein.
Justice Dougherty also maintains that a petitioner is required to prove the new fact upon which his claim is predicated. See Opinion in Support of Affirmance (Dougherty, J.) at 367. In fact, a petitioner is required only to allege and prove that one of the timeliness exceptions applies. Substantiating the veracity of the fact upon which the claim is predicated is a question for merits review of the claim. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9543(a).
III. Disqualification of the District Attorney's Office
Blakeney also argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion to disqualify the Dauphin County District attorney's Office and to recuse the Dauphin County Court of Common Pleas, including Judge Cherry. As to the District Attorney's Office, Blakeney relies upon the affidavits from attorneys Marsico and Chardo to assert that these prosecutors were parties to the offensive emails that form the factual predicate of the underlying claim of judicial bias. Blakeney argues that the emails ultimately received by attorneys Marsico and Chardo demonstrate that Justice Eakin trusted the recipients to keep the emails confidential, lest he suffer professional humiliation, and that such a relationship undermines the appearance of neutrality and lack of bias on the part of Justice Eakin. Blakeney does not allege that attorneys Marsico or Chardo did anything *365improper. Brief of Appellant at 31 ("[I]t has never been [Blakeney's] claim that Mr. Marsico or Mr. Chardo did anything improper. The bias instead lies with Justice Eakin, and in particular, with the fact that he sent, or was party to, offensive emails to litigants in cases before this Court and therefore knew that those same litigants were aware of his connection to the offens[iv]e emails."). Blakeney's disqualification argument is premised upon the Advocate-Witness Rule. He argues that the Marsico and Chardo affidavits have created a factual dispute that will compel the PCRA court to consider the affiants' credibility, thereby placing Attorneys Marsico and Chardo into the role of witnesses to the factual predicate of the underlying claims. According to Blakeney, their appearance as counsel for the Commonwealth therefore runs afoul of the Advocate-Witness Rule. See Pa.R.P.C. 3.7.
In response, the Commonwealth argues simply that there are no grounds for the relief requested because there was no improper communication between Justice Eakin and the attorneys for the Commonwealth.
The sole basis upon which Blakeney seeks the disqualification of the District Attorney's Office is the Advocate-Witness Rule. This rule is implicated when a lawyer "is likely to be a necessary witness" at trial. Id. "Combining the roles of advocate and witness can prejudice the tribunal and the opposing party and can also involve a conflict of interest between the lawyer and client." Id. , Cmt. [1].
There is no reason to believe that attorneys Marsico or Chardo are likely to be witnesses in Blakeney's PCRA proceedings. As Blakeney concedes, his claim is that Justice Eakin was biased, not that attorneys Marsico or Chardo did anything improper. In seeking to prove his claim that Justice Eakin was biased, and that Justice Eakin trusted the recipients of the emails to keep the emails confidential, Blakeney can introduce the emails into evidence. To the extent that the claim of judicial bias rests upon Justice Eakin's knowledge of the recipients or senders of the emails, the emails sent by or received by Justice Eakin, along with the identity of the sender and recipients and/or their email addresses, will provide this information. Blakeney will not need to establish whether attorneys Marsico or Chardo understood that they received emails that included Justice Eakin somewhere along the chain, asked for the emails to be halted, complained about the emails to the sender, or forwarded the emails along to other individuals. The testimony of the Commonwealth attorneys is irrelevant to the underlying claim of judicial bias. Accordingly, Blakeney's request for disqualification of the District Attorney's Office fails.
IV. Recusal of the PCRA Court
With respect to the question of judicial recusal, Blakeney argues that Judge Cherry should have removed himself from the case, and that the entire Dauphin County Court of Common Pleas should likewise recuse. Blakeney's argument as to Judge Cherry is twofold: First, according to Blakeney, Judge Cherry was a recipient of email blasts from attorney Terry McGowan, including emails of which Justice Eakin and Dauphin County prosecutors were recipients. On this basis, Blakeney asserts that Judge Cherry has personal knowledge of disputed facts. Second, Blakeney asserts that Judge Cherry was compromised in his role of presiding over Blakeney's trial and PCRA petition by his role on the Dauphin County Prison Board. See Blakeney I , 946 A.2d at 661-62, Blakeney II , 108 A.3d at 761.
The Commonwealth argues that Blakeney's recusal motion as to Judge Cherry is barred by the law of the case doctrine because this Court previously considered and rejected Blakeney's claim that Judge Cherry should have recused because of his role on the Dauphin County Prison Board.
To the extent that Blakeney seeks Judge Cherry's recusal because of Judge Cherry's alleged receipt of emails that involved Justice Eakin and Dauphin County prosecutors, this claim is waived. As the PCRA court observed, although Blakeney baldly asserted that Judge Cherry was included in one or more email chains that involved Justice Eakin, Blakeney did not identify any emails received by Judge Cherry. Blakeney's counsel submitted computer discs to the PCRA court that contained over a thousand items, but failed to specify which items implicated Judge Cherry. Consequently, Judge Cherry refused to respond to Blakeney's unsubstantiated claims or to identify whether, and to what extent, Judge Cherry's name was on any of the emails, essentially concluding that Blakeney's failure to identify with precision which emails were linked to Judge Cherry resulted in waiver. Blakeney has not confronted the PCRA court's waiver analysis.
By failing to identify any emails to which Judge Cherry was a party, and by failing entirely to develop the extent to which Judge Cherry had personal knowledge of the facts at issue in the Petition, Blakeney has waived this aspect of his recusal motion. See Commonwealth v. Briggs , 608 Pa. 430, 12 A.3d 291, 326 n.34 (2011) (concluding that an entirely undeveloped claim is waived).
To the extent that the recusal motion depends upon a conflict allegedly arising from Judge Cherry's role on the Dauphin County Prison Board, Blakeney did not *366raise this issue in his recusal motion before the PCRA court. It is, therefore, also waived. Pa.R.A.P. 302 ("Issues not raised in the lower court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.").
Moreover, the Commonwealth is correct that we considered and rejected this claim on direct appeal, Blakeney I , 946 A.2d at 662 (finding no grounds for recusal on the basis of Judge Cherry's involvement with the Prison Board where "[t]he record reveals that Judge Cherry was, in fact, fair and impartial, and indeed, that he demonstrated a great deal of patience when interacting with the pro se appellant"), and on appeal from the denial of Blakeney's first PCRA petition, Blakeney II , 108 A.3d at 761 (holding that Blakeney's challenge to Judge Cherry's failure to recuse himself was previously litigated). Pursuant to the law of the case doctrine, there is no basis for recusal premised upon Judge Cherry's involvement with the Prison Board. See Ario v. Reliance Ins. Co ., 602 Pa. 490, 980 A.2d 588, 597 (2009) ("The law of the case doctrine sets forth various rules that embody the concept that a court involved in the later phases of a litigated matter should not reopen questions decided by another judge of that same court or by a higher court in the earlier phases of the matter.").
Accordingly, there is no basis to require the recusal of Judge Cherry. Because we affirm Judge Cherry's refusal to recuse himself, there is no need to address Blakeney's argument that the rest of the Dauphin County Court of Common Pleas should be recused.
Justice Donohue joins the opinion.
Justice Dougherty concurs in the result as to Parts III and IV and files an opinion in support of affirmance as to Parts I and II.
Justice Mundy concurs in the result as to Parts III and IV and files an opinion in support of affirmance as to Parts I and II.
Chief Justice Saylor and Justices Baer and Todd did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.
I would affirm the PCRA court's orders denying appellant Herbert Blakeney's motions to disqualify the Dauphin County District Attorney's Office and to recuse Judge Cherry and the entire bench of the Dauphin County Court of Common Pleas.1 I would also affirm the PCRA court's holding it lacked jurisdiction to hear Blakeney's facially untimely second PCRA petition. In my view, no exception to the PCRA time-bar applies here. Contrary to the Opinion in Support of Reversal (OISR), I cannot discern any new and unknown "fact" which would qualify as a predicate to a due process claim arising from racial or religious judicial bias.
The PCRA time-bar at issue is jurisdictional in nature, and this Court has previously *367stated "jurisdictional time limits go to a court's right or competency to adjudicate a controversy." Commonwealth v. Bennett , 593 Pa. 382, 930 A.2d 1264, 1267 (2007), quoting Commonwealth v. Fahy , 558 Pa. 313, 737 A.2d 214, 222 (1999). When considering a claim seeking to invoke Section 9545(b)(1)(ii), the petitioner must establish only "that the 'facts' upon which such a claim is predicated must not have been known to appellant, nor could they have been ascertained by due diligence." Commonwealth v. Chmiel , --- Pa. ----, 173 A.3d 617, 625 (2017), quoting Commonwealth v. Lambert , 584 Pa. 461, 884 A.2d 848, 852 (2005) ; see also Bennett , 930 A.2d at 1272. Additionally, a petitioner bears the burden to allege and "establish" - that is prove - the above two components. Bennett , 930 A.2d at 1272 ; see also Commonwealth v. Spotz , --- Pa. ----, 171 A.3d 675, 678 (2017) ("The PCRA petitioner bears the burden of proving the applicability of one of the exceptions"), citing Commonwealth v. Edmiston , 619 Pa. 549, 65 A.3d 339, 346 (2013). "Whether a petitioner has carried his burden [to overcome the PCRA time-bar] is a threshold inquiry that must be resolved prior to considering the merits of any claim." Commonwealth v. Robinson , 635 Pa. 592, 139 A.3d 178, 186 (2016), citing Edmiston , 65 A.3d at 346.
Under this clear standard, a petitioner submitting a facially untimely PCRA petition has the burden to prove the new fact upon which his claim is predicated. Judicial review of the evidence presented to meet this burden should not be a perfunctory rubber-stamp. In my view, the OISR imprecisely describes and then blindly accepts Blakeney's alleged "new fact" as true, and as materially related to his conviction and crime. See Chmiel , 173 A.3d at 625 (exception to PCRA time-bar exists when there are newly discovered material facts related to the claim at issue). Respectfully, I consider the claim submitted here to be based on conjecture and inference, and unmoored from the underlying conviction.
The question at this stage is whether Blakeney has overcome his threshold burden that a new fact exists upon which his claim is predicated. In my view, Blakeney has not met this initial burden, and accordingly cannot overcome the jurisdictional time-bar. The new "fact" presented here is that email communications "shared" by former Justice J. Michael Eakin demonstrated racial and religious judicial bias and this judicial bias adversely affected appellate review of his direct appeal and first collateral appeal, which were decided by this Court during the former justice's tenure. Appellant's Brief at 18 ("As an African American Muslim man, [Blakeney] was squarely a mark of the offensive materials shared by Justice Eakin."). Blakeney further alleges this "fact" of racial or religious bias was discovered only after publication of newspaper articles describing the emails. Blakeney specifically alleged the following in his PCRA petition:
Third, in the case of Justice Eakin, it is evidence of racial and religious bias against Petitioner and his case. The email exchanges included the distribution of emails demeaning to both African-Americans and Muslims. Petitioner is African American and Muslim. Petitioner made his religious beliefs part of the case. That Justice Eakin was involved in the widespread distribution of emails demeaning to those groups undermined Petitioner's right to due process and equal protection of the law and, at a minimum, created the appearance of impartiality.
Appellant's PCRA Petition at ¶ 73 (emphasis added). Blakeney clearly asserts the new "fact" upon which his claim is predicated is "[o]ffensive email communications *368from [Justice Eakin which] displayed cultural biases that implicated [Blakeney's] case - a death penalty proceeding involving an African-American Muslim who represented himself at trial and repeatedly invoked his religion and culture." Appellant's Brief at 10.
My careful review of the referenced newspaper articles does not demonstrate the existence of "email communications ... display[ing] cultural biases that implicated" Blakeney's case. Rather, my review reveals just one email referencing religion; received by Justice Eakin. See OISR, op. at 354-56.2 Blakeney notes Justice Eakin did not object to receipt of other "emails with offensive content." See Petition at ¶¶ 58-60 & Exhibit 4 to the Petition. At the same time, Blakeney ignores the fact "Justice Eakin sent no emails which were ... racist or ... that denigrated any religion."See id. Exhibit 4 at p. 22 (emphasis added). Thus, the only support for the alleged new "fact" of racial or religious judicial bias is the receipt of one disparaging email.
In my view, the PCRA court correctly determined Blakeney failed to meet his burden of proving his claim is predicated upon a new fact of racial or religious judicial bias. See Chmiel , 173 A.3d at 625. At best, the newspaper articles submitted by Blakeney to demonstrate the "fact" of specific bias actually contain context that cannot and should not be blindly accepted as "fact," especially when neutral sources exist to contradict the "fact" alleged. See, e.g. , PCRA Petition, Exhibit 4 at 22. This Court has previously cautioned against reliance upon newspaper articles as evidence: "allegations in the media, whether true or false, are no more evidence than allegations in any other out-of-court situation. Nothing in these allegations even read in the broadest sense, can be described as 'evidence' ...." Commonwealth v. Brown , 134 A.3d 1097, 1108-09 (Pa. Super. 2016), quoting Commonwealth v. Castro , 625 Pa. 582, 93 A.3d 818, 825 (2014). We should not allow a PCRA petitioner to overcome an established jurisdictional time-bar (and further burden an overly-encumbered PCRA court) through bare allegations of "new facts" without any genuine basis, which is what I perceive the OISR endorses here.
The OISR states assessment of the veracity of a fact upon which the claim is predicated should be relegated to the merits analysis. See OISR, op. at 362, n. 14, & 21. That conclusion, however, ignores the applicable jurisprudence and petitioner's burden at this stage. At this juncture, this Court is concerned with whether or not Blakeney has met his threshold burden of presenting a "fact" upon which his claim is based. See Robinson , 139 A.3d at 186. I strongly disagree with the OISR's assertion that "the veracity of the fact upon which the claim is predicated is a question for merits review of the claim." OISR, op. at 364. Permitting, as the OISR would here, a petitioner to overcome the PCRA's jurisdictional time-bar with a mere allegation of bias which, the OISR concedes may have no actual basis in reality, will result in innumerable frivolous and groundless PCRA petitions, as well as completely eviscerate the established PCRA time-bar. In my view, Blakeney has not met the threshold burden to present a new "fact" and overcome the PCRA's jurisdictional limitation.
*369The OISR relies on the lead opinion in Chmiel , which I joined, but in my respectful view, Chmiel is completely distinguishable from this case. The newly discovered fact which supported relief in Chmiel was an FBI press release which was later reported in a Washington Post article. In the press release, the FBI unquestionably admitted to performing and conducting training in erroneous methods of microscopic hair analysis. Chmiel sought review of his challenge to the scientific validity of the Commonwealth's expert's hair comparison and methodology, which he claimed he discovered only after the PCRA time-bar had elapsed, i.e. , when the FBI admitted its widespread use of scientifically flawed forensic hair analysis methods and training in those methods of state and local analysts who testified at criminal trials. See Chmiel , 173 A.3d at 625. In Chmiel , not only was there a verifiable new fact, that fact was actually material to the petitioner's conviction.
Here, I discern no connection between Blakeney's vague claim of racial and religious bias in the review of his earlier appeals and the email received by Justice Eakin that would be sufficient to support a finding Blakeney can overcome the PCRA jurisdictional time-bar. Such a claim must be predicated upon previously unknown, material facts.3 See Chmiel , 173 A.3d at 625; Bennett , 930 A.2d at 1272 ; Lambert , 884 A.2d at 852. We should not overlook the fact that the allegation of bias here is based on the receipt of an email; there is nothing to indicate Justice Eakin opened or read the email and, in fact, the Special Counsel specifically noted Justice Eakin did not send any racially or religiously insensitive emails. There is nothing to indicate Justice Eakin agreed with and espoused the inflammatory contents of the email which Blakeney is presenting as a factual finding of judicial bias. In my view, an accusation of judicial bias based on the mere receipt of an email should not be elevated to a finding of the existence of judicial bias as a material fact.
Blakeney has thus made nothing more than imprecise and general allegations of judicial bias and allowing such ambiguous allegations to overcome a jurisdictional limitation is untenable. The OISR nonetheless accepts as sufficient Blakeney's bald allegations of judicial bias created by "emails reported in the articles and by the Special Counsel that are repugnant generally and which are disparaging to particular groups." OISR, op. at 357, n.9. Of course the emails are repugnant, but their mere existence does not demonstrate the fact of bias, which is Blakeney's primary claim.
The folly of the OISR's position becomes obvious when it is applied to a hypothetical scenario with facts slightly different from those in Chmiel . By way of example, if the forensic evidence presented at Chmiel's trial was not forensic hair comparison analysis, but rather was forensic fingerprint analysis, it is without question the FBI's admission and press release regarding its methods of forensic hair analysis would not be a "new fact" upon which Chmiel's challenge to forensic fingerprint analysis could be successfully predicated. Similarly, Blakeney's assertion that Justice *370Eakin exchanged generally offensive email correspondence and received a single email containing offensive religious and racial material does not establish racial and religious bias such that the PCRA time-bar may be overcome. See PCRA Court Opinion, slip op. at 4 ("Petitioner's submissions do not constitute fact, but rather a theory that the emails reflect a fact. The existence of emails, investigations or resulting reports bear no nexus to Petitioner's conviction and sentence.").
I join Justice Dougherty's opinion in support of affirmance (OISA) in all respects, except for his discussion of Commonwealth v. Chmiel , --- Pa. ----, 173 A.3d 617 (2017), upon which the Opinion in Support of Reversal (OISR) relies. In Chmiel , the defendant attempted to invoke Section 9545(b)(1)(ii) of the PCRA based on a Washington Post newspaper article in which the Federal Bureau of Investigation acknowledged that "nearly every examiner in an elite FBI forensic unit gave flawed [hair microscopy] testimony in almost all trials in which they offered evidence against criminal defendants over more than a two-decade period before 2000." Chmiel , 173 A.3d at 622. This Court concluded that this "public admission by the FBI, as the nation's premier law enforcement agency and the proponent of this forensic technique, of widespread error" was a newly-discovered fact. Id. at 626. The Majority in Chmiel reached this conclusion despite any showing from Chmiel that the FBI had any direct or indirect involvement in his case. I continue to believe Chmiel was incorrectly decided. See generally id. at 631-33 (Mundy, J., dissenting).
Nevertheless, Chmiel is readily distinguishable from the instant matter. As Justice Dougherty correctly illustrates, Blakeney's assertions of judicial bias based on race and religion are, at best, imprecise and vague. OISA of Dougherty, J., at 368. Such allegations cannot be material facts upon which Blakeney's underlying claim for relief is "predicated." 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(ii). Consonant with my position in Chmiel , I conclude that, similar to the FBI forensic analysis, Blakeney's allegations cannot satisfy Section 9545(b)(1)(ii), "because the purported newly-discovered facts do not affect his case." Chmiel , 173 A.3d at 633 n.2 (Mundy, J., dissenting). Therefore, aside from his discussion of Chmiel , I agree with the balance of the reasoning set forth in Justice Dougherty's OISA. Accordingly, I respectfully disagree with the portion of the OISR that would reverse the PCRA court's order dismissing Blakeney's serial PCRA petition as untimely filed.