**293The sole issue in this appeal is whether a general contractor that implemented a contractor controlled insurance program (CCIP) to centralize the purchasing of workers' compensation insurance for a major project has "paid compensation benefits" to the employees of its subcontractors, thus entitling it to "principal **294employer" immunity under General Statutes § 31-2911 from further claims by those employees. The plaintiffs, James L. *953Thompson II, Carol M. Thompson, and James McVay,2 seek to recover damages resulting from the alleged negligence of the named defendant, O & G Industries, Inc.3 The plaintiffs appeal4 from the trial **295court's grant of the defendant's motion for summary judgment with respect to their tort claims. On appeal, the plaintiffs claim that the trial court improperly concluded that the defendant had "paid compensation benefits" on the basis of an incorrect interpretation of that term as used in § 31-291. We agree with the plaintiffs' claim that the trial court improperly interpreted the term "paid compensation benefits" in § 31-291, but further conclude that, even under the proper construction of the statute, no genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether the defendant paid compensation benefits to Thompson and McVay. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
The record reveals the following undisputed facts and procedural history. In 2009, the defendant served as the general contractor for the construction of a gas fired power plant in Middletown. The defendant hired a subcontractor, United Anco Services, Inc. (United Anco), to assemble scaffolding at the site. Thompson was an employee of United Anco. The defendant hired a second subcontractor, Ducci Electrical Contractors, Inc. (Ducci Electrical), to perform inspection and testing of instrumentation. Ducci Electrical, in turn, hired a third subcontractor, Instrument Sciences and Technologies, Inc. (Instrument Sciences), to perform the instrumentation *954and control work. McVay was an employee of Instrument Sciences.
Both United Anco and Ducci Electrical agreed to the standard subcontract used by the defendant. The defendant's standard subcontract required all bidders to include, as a line item in their bids, their insurance costs to complete their work. The subcontractors would calculate these costs using their individual insurance rates and anticipated payroll, plus allowances for any overhead and profit. The standard subcontract stated, however, that the defendant "may" elect to implement a CCIP to "centralize the purchasing of insurance" for **296the project. This "consolidated purchasing of insurance" would include, inter alia, workers' compensation insurance for the defendant and all tiers of subcontractors. If the defendant opted to implement a CCIP, participation in the program would be "mandatory," and, after enrolling in the program, each subcontractor would be relieved of its contractual duty to provide workers' compensation insurance. The defendant would then use a change order process to reduce the price of each subcontract by the amount identified for the subcontractor's insurance costs.
The defendant subsequently implemented a CCIP, which provided workers' compensation coverage for itself and all enrolled subcontractors through policies issued by the Old Republic General Insurance Corporation (Old Republic).5 Both United Anco and Instrument Sciences enrolled in the program, and each received individual insurance policies in their names. As the "[s]ponsor" of the program, the defendant was solely responsible for paying the premiums for its own coverage and that of all enrolled subcontractors. The defendant subsequently paid a premium in the amount of $1,150,465 for workers' compensation coverage provided under the CCIP.
Thereafter, the defendant issued change orders deducting the insurance costs specified in the bids from United Anco and Ducci Electrical from their respective subcontracts.6 Ducci Electrical, in turn, issued a corresponding change order to its subcontract with Instrument Sciences, reducing it by the amount equal to Instrument Sciences' insurance costs.
**297Over approximately the next eighteen months, the payrolls of United Anco, Ducci Electrical, and Instrument Sciences increased due to certain demands necessary to complete the power plant project. According to the CCIP Insurance Manual (manual),7 if a subcontractor's payroll increased, the subcontractor would issue a change order to the subcontract accounting for the additional labor, including the cost the subcontractor would have incurred to provide its own insurance for that labor, had a CCIP not been in place.8 This *955amount would represent the amount that would have been included in the subcontractor's original bid. The defendant would then issue its own change order to the subcontract to reduce it by the subcontractor's increased insurance costs, because it now provided insurance to all of the subcontractor's employees through the CCIP. During that time period, the defendant issued several additional change orders to its subcontract with United Anco to account for its increased payroll and insurance costs.9 **298On February 7, 2010, an explosion occurred at the power plant construction site, injuring Thompson and McVay.10 Under the terms of the CCIP, the defendant was required to pay a $250,000 deductible in the event that workers' compensation benefits were to be paid. The defendant paid this deductible to Old Republic, along with a claim handling fee in the amount of $17,500 to administer workers' compensation benefits. Both of these payments were made to Old Republic by checks drawn on the defendant's account. Thompson and McVay subsequently applied for and received workers' compensation benefits under the CCIP, including medical expenses and lost wages.11 *956**299The plaintiffs brought the present action against the defendant under General Statutes § 31-293(a),12 asserting, inter alia, negligence and strict liability claims in connection with injuries caused by the explosion. The defendant moved for summary judgment on these claims, arguing that it was immune from civil actions under § 31-291 because it was a "principal employer" that had paid workers' compensation benefits to Thompson and McVay. The plaintiffs did not challenge the defendant's status as a principal employer, but asserted that a genuine issue of material fact existed as to whether the defendant had "paid" workers' compensation benefits. In particular, the plaintiffs argued that, although the defendant sponsored a CCIP and paid the premium under the policies, it was the subcontractors **300that had actually paid the benefits, because the defendant effectively shifted the cost of the premium to its subcontractors by issuing change orders in the amount of each subcontractor's insurance costs. The plaintiffs further argued that § 31-291 requires a principal employer to demonstrate that it paid for "all or the entirety" of the workers' compensation benefits to an injured employee, and that the defendant had not done so.
The trial court granted the defendant's motion for summary judgment. In its memorandum of decision, the trial court first concluded that the plain and unambiguous meaning of the word "paid" as used in § 31-291 is "simply to transfer money." As such, because it was undisputed that the defendant had paid the premium, deductible, and other costs for the CCIP, the trial court concluded that no genuine issue of material fact existed as to whether the defendant "paid" workers' compensation benefits to Thompson and McVay. In essence, the trial court determined that the factual dispute about whether the subcontractors reimbursed the defendant for the costs of the CCIP through the change order process was not material to whether the defendant had paid the benefits. The trial court further concluded that § 31-291 does not require a principal employer to prove that it paid all of the workers' compensation benefits to an injured employee in order to obtain immunity. Accordingly, the trial court granted summary judgment *957in favor of the defendant on the plaintiffs' claims. This appeal followed.
On appeal, the plaintiffs claim that the trial court improperly interpreted the term "paid compensation benefits" in § 31-291, and that, under the proper construction, a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether the defendant paid such benefits. The plaintiffs contend that the trial court adopted an unduly narrow definition of the word "paid" as "simply to transfer **301money," and that the plain and unambiguous meaning of "paid" is to bear a cost. Alternatively, the plaintiffs argue that the word "paid" is ambiguous, and that the legislative history and purpose of § 31-291 supports their definition. The plaintiffs also reiterate their claim that the defendant was required to prove that it paid all of their benefits to obtain immunity under § 31-291. According to the plaintiffs, this interpretation of § 31-291 yields a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the defendant paid, namely, bore the entire cost of, the workers' compensation benefits provided to Thompson and McVay.
In response, the defendant contends that the trial court properly interpreted the term "paid compensation benefits" in § 31-291, but posits that, under either interpretation, it paid such benefits. The defendant argues that the trial court correctly determined that the plain and unambiguous meaning of "paid" is "simply to transfer money." Even under the plaintiffs' definition, however, the defendant argues that it "paid" workers' compensation benefits to Thompson and McVay because it bore the costs of the CCIP and did not pass those costs on to its subcontractors through the change order process. The defendant maintains that it simply eliminated the subcontractors' costs to provide their own insurance for the project, which they no longer incurred after enrolling in the CCIP. We conclude that, although § 31-291 requires a principal employer to bear the costs of all of the injured employees' benefits to be entitled to immunity, there nevertheless is no genuine issue of material fact as to whether the defendant bore all of those costs in this case.
"At the outset, we set forth the applicable standard of review. [T]he standard of review of a trial court's decision to grant a motion for summary judgment is well established. Practice Book [§ 17-49 ] provides that summary judgment shall be rendered forthwith if the **302pleadings, affidavits and any other proof submitted show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.... Our review of the trial court's decision to grant [a] motion for summary judgment is plenary." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Doe v. Norwich Roman Catholic Diocesan Corp., 279 Conn. 207, 211, 901 A.2d 673 (2006). "The issue before this court involves a question of statutory interpretation that also requires our plenary review." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., at 212, 901 A.2d 673.
To determine whether the defendant "paid compensation benefits" to the plaintiffs, we must first discern the proper meaning of that term under § 31-291. Specifically, we first consider whether the word "paid" is properly defined, as urged by the plaintiffs, as to "bear a cost" or, as argued by the defendant, "simply to transfer money." We next determine whether the term "paid compensation benefits" requires a principal employer to prove that it paid all of the injured employees' workers' compensation benefits to obtain statutory immunity under § 31-291.
"When construing a statute, [o]ur fundamental objective is to ascertain and give effect to the apparent intent of the legislature.... In other words, we seek to determine, in a reasoned manner, the meaning of the statutory language as applied *958to the facts of [the] case, including the question of whether the language actually does apply.... In seeking to determine that meaning, General Statutes § 1-2z directs us first to consider the text of the statute itself and its relationship to other statutes. If, after examining such text and considering such relationship, the meaning of such text is plain and unambiguous and does not yield absurd or unworkable results, extratextual evidence of the meaning of the statute shall not be considered.... When a statute is not plain and unambiguous, we also look for interpretive **303guidance to the legislative history and circumstances surrounding its enactment, to the legislative policy it was designed to implement, and to its relationship to existing legislation and common law principles governing the same general subject matter.... The test to determine ambiguity is whether the statute, when read in context, is susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation." (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Doe v. Norwich Roman Catholic Diocesan Corp., supra, 279 Conn. at 212, 901 A.2d 673.
In accordance with § 1-2z, we begin our analysis with the text of the statute. Section 31-291 provides in relevant part: "When any principal employer procures any work to be done wholly or in part for him by a contractor, or through him by a subcontractor ... such principal employer shall be liable to pay all compensation under this chapter to the same extent as if the work were done without the intervention of such contractor or subcontractor. The provisions of this section shall not extend immunity to any principal employer from a civil action brought by an injured employee ... under the provisions of section 31-293 to recover damages resulting from personal injury ... unless such principal employer has paid compensation benefits ... to such injured employee...." (Emphasis added.)
The first sentence of § 31-291 embodies the "principal employer doctrine," under which an employer that hires a contractor or subcontractor, and meets the statutory definition of a "principal employer,"13 is liable to pay workers' compensation benefits to the injured employees **304of those contractors or subcontractors. Pelletier v. Sordoni/Skanska Construction Co., 264 Conn. 509, 518-19, 825 A.2d 72 (2003). Furthermore, if the principal employer actually pays those benefits, according to the second sentence of § 31-291, it enjoys immunity from further claims by the injured employees brought under § 31-293. The word "paid" is, however, not defined in § 31-291. Section 31-291 does specify, however, that the principal employer must have paid the benefits to the injured employee to obtain immunity, rather than merely stating in the abstract that the employee must be paid benefits, which appears to support the plaintiffs' definition of the word "paid" as a cost borne by the principal employer. In isolation, however, the plain language of § 31-291 provides no further insight into the meaning of this word.
We next examine the text of § 31-291 within the greater framework of the Workers' Compensation Act (act), General Statutes § 31-275 et seq. See *959Doe v. Norwich Roman Catholic Diocesan Corp., supra, 279 Conn. at 212, 901 A.2d 673. The purpose of the act is "to provide compensation for injuries arising out of and in the course of employment, regardless of fault.... Under the statute, the employee surrenders his right to bring a common law action against the employer, thereby limiting the employer's liability to the statutory amount.... In return, the employee is compensated for his or her losses without having to prove liability." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Rettig v. Woodbridge, 304 Conn. 462, 473, 41 A.3d 267 (2012) ; see also General Statutes § 31-284(a).14 The words "paid" and "pay" appear in relation to compensation in several sections of the act, **305but the act does not define those words.15 See, e.g., General Statutes §§ 31-275(I)(A)(iii), 31-293(b) and 31-306(b) ( "paid"); General Statutes §§ 31-294c (b), 31-352 and 31-355(b) ( "pay").
In accordance with General Statutes § 1-1(a), we, therefore, look to the common usage of the word "paid" to discern the definition intended by the legislature in § 31-291. See, e.g., Potvin v. Lincoln Service & Equipment Co., 298 Conn. 620, 633, 6 A.3d 60 (2010). "To ascertain that usage, we look to the dictionary definition of the term." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th Ed.2003) defines "pay" as "to make due return to for services rendered or property delivered," "to engage for money," or "to make a disposal or transfer of ... money...." Likewise, the American Heritage College Dictionary (4th Ed.2007) defines "pay" as "to give ... money ... in exchange for goods or services" or "to bear a ... cost ... in recompense."16
We conclude that the term "paid compensation benefits," as used in § 31-291, is ambiguous. Given the fact that the dictionary definitions of "pay" include both "to make a disposal or transfer of ... money"; Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, supra; and "to bear a ... cost"; American Heritage College Dictionary, supra; the definitions asserted by the plaintiffs and the **306defendant are reasonable.17 Specifically, in the context of § 31-291, the legislature may reasonably have intended that the principal employer advance workers' compensation benefits, allowing the principal employer to be reimbursed later by subcontractors or other involved parties. *960The legislature could also reasonably have intended, however, that the principal employer shoulder the financial burden of the benefits in exchange for immunity from further claims by the injured employees. When § 31-291 is read in the context of the act, the word "paid" is therefore susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation. See Doe v. Norwich Roman Catholic Diocesan Corp., supra, 279 Conn. at 212, 901 A.2d 673 ; see also, e.g., Chase National Bank of New York v. Schleussner, 117 Conn. 370, 167 A. 808 (1933) ( "pay" primarily refers to "satisfaction made in money," but may also mean "to transfer").18
We therefore look to the legislative history of § 31-291 and the circumstances surrounding its enactment for further guidance. See, e.g., Doe v. Norwich Roman Catholic Diocesan Corp., supra, 279 Conn. at 212, 901 A.2d 673. Moreover, in interpreting the language of § 31-291, "we do not write on a clean slate, but are bound by our previous judicial interpretations of the language and the purpose of the statute."
**307Kasica v. Columbia, 309 Conn. 85, 93-94, 70 A.3d 1 (2013). We have previously stated that the purpose of the principal employer provision in § 31-291 is "to afford full protection to work[ers], by preventing the possibility of defeating the [act] by hiring irresponsible contractors or subcontractors to carry on a part of the [principal] employer's work." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Pelletier v. Sordoni/Skanska Construction Co., supra, 264 Conn. at 520, 825 A.2d 72.
The principal employer provision has been part of the act since its enactment in 1913. Id., at 519, 825 A.2d 72. Prior to 1988, however, § 31-291 did not require the contractor to actually pay workers' compensation benefits to the injured employees in order to obtain immunity. Id., at 521-22, 825 A.2d 72. So long as the employer was a principal employer-and, thus, was liable to pay the benefits-the employer enjoyed immunity from civil actions regardless of whether it actually paid those benefits. Id. This liability for benefits was "wholly theoretical," however. 31 H.R. Proc., Pt. 11, 1988 Sess., p. 3717, remarks of Representative Adamo. "Because of the certificates of insurance required of the subcontractors and ... the benefits provided by the second injury fund19 ... the principal employer was rarely called upon actually to pay th[e] benefits." (Footnote added.) Pelletier v. Sordoni/Skanska Construction Co., supra, 264 Conn. at 522, 825 A.2d 72. Principal employers therefore enjoyed an immunity from civil actions "for which they exchanged very little, if any-thing." Id.
In 1988, in recognition of this "inequitable situation"; 31 S. Proc., Pt. 8, 1988 Sess., p. 2703, remarks of Senator Spellman; the legislature amended § 31-291 to require **308principal employers to actually pay workers' compensation benefits in order *961to obtain the statutory immunity from civil actions. Pelletier v. Sordoni/Skanska Construction Co., supra, 264 Conn. at 522-26, 825 A.2d 72. Legislators acknowledged that under the then current law, "the principal employer received an immunity for which [it] did not provide any benefit...." 31 S. Proc., supra, at p. 2704, remarks of Senator Spellman. As one representative put it, "[t]he problem ... [was] that the principal employer [could receive] immunity from [an action] by an injured worker, even when that principal employer pa[id] that worker nothing at all." 31 H.R. Proc., supra, at p. 3716, remarks of Representative Adamo. Likewise, one senator noted that "the situations in which [a] principal employer would ever be paying workers' compensation benefits became few and far between. Yet, they continued to enjoy the immunity." 31 S. Proc., supra, at p. 2704, remarks of Senator Spellman. A legislators characterized this immunity as "false" and "foolish"; 31 H.R. Proc., supra, at pp. 3741-46, remarks of Representative Adamo; and recognized that it created a "grossly unfair" and "particularly outrageous" situation. Id., at pp. 3716-17, remarks of Representative Adamo. By adding the second sentence to § 31-291, the legislature sought to prevent principal employers from "get[ting] a free ride"; id., at p. 3743, remarks of Representative Eugene Migliaro; and "hiding behind an immunity and not paying a single dime." Id., at p. 3743, remarks of Representative Adamo. Thus, "[t]he purpose and effect of this amendment was to limit the implied common-law immunity of the principal employer to the situation in which it had in fact paid the workers' compensation benefits that presumably were the basis of its immunity. Implicit in this amendment, moreover, was the notion that, except in the isolated cases of its application, there would be no such immunity. " (Emphasis added.) Pelletier v. Sordoni/Skanska Construction Co., supra, at 525, 825 A.2d 72. **309On the basis of this legislative history, we conclude that the legislature intended the word "paid" in § 31-291 to mean bear a cost, rather than simply transfer money. Legislators who supported adding this language to § 31-291 continually expressed concern with the lack of an even exchange for the principal employer's immunity from civil actions. It follows that, when the legislature stated that the principal employer must have "paid compensation benefits" to obtain immunity, it meant that the principal employer must shoulder the financial burden of those benefits, rather than pass that responsibility on to its subcontractors or the second injury fund. Otherwise, the "false" and "foolish" immunity that prompted the addition of this requirement to § 31-291 could continue. 31 H.R. Proc., supra, at pp. 3741-46, remarks of Representative Adamo. Indeed, under the defendant's definition of the word "paid," principal employers could purchase workers' compensation insurance, seek direct reimbursement from their contractors or subcontractors, and incur no cost at all in "exchange" for their immunity from claims by the injured employees of those contractors or subcontractors. Pelletier v. Sordoni/Skanska Construction Co., supra, 264 Conn. at 522, 825 A.2d 72. This situation would, in reality, be no different from the "unbelievably unfair" situation that led to the 1988 amendment of § 31-291. 31 H.R. Proc., supra, at p. 3717, remarks of Representative Adamo. Indeed, it would render that amendment superfluous, and we presume that the legislature does not intend to enact meaningless legislation. See, e.g., In re Bachand, 306 Conn. 37, 54, 49 A.3d 166 (2012).
This is not to say, however, that a principal employer cannot account for the cost of providing workers' compensation insurance *962through a CCIP for its contractors and subcontractors in its own bids for a project. We recognize that, ultimately, the owner of the project "bears the cost" for all of the workers' compensation **310insurance for the project. Indeed, a principal employer must pass these costs on to the owner in order to make a profit on the project.20 We simply hold that a principal employer cannot pass these costs on to its contractors or subcontractors, or the second injury fund, and receive the statutory immunity under to § 31-291.
In the same vein, the legislative history of § 31-291 leads us to conclude further that the principal employer must pay all, not merely some, of the injured employees' workers' compensation benefits in order to receive the statutory immunity. Thus, we disagree with the trial court's interpretation to the contrary, which was based on the legislature's use of the word "all" in the first sentence of § 31-291, concerning the employer's liability to pay workers' compensation benefits, and not the second sentence, concerning the employer's immunity for paying such benefits. Although the absence of a word in a portion of a statute is surely significant in interpreting the statute; see Viera v. Cohen, 283 Conn. 412, 431, 927 A.2d 843 (2007) ("[t]ypically, the omission of a word otherwise used in the statutes suggests that the legislature intended a different meaning for the alternat[ive] term"); we cannot interpret § 31-291 in a manner that allows principal employers to pay only some benefits to receive immunity, because doing so would create a loophole in the statute that subverts the **311expressed intent of the legislature.21 "The principles of statutory construction ... require us to construe a statute in a manner that will not thwart its intended purpose or lead to absurd results." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Coppola v. Coppola, 243 Conn. 657, 665, 707 A.2d 281 (1998). Under the trial court's interpretation of § 31-291, as advanced by the defendant, principal employers could pay a mere pittance of the injured employees' workers' compensation benefits and still obtain complete immunity from claims by those employees. Principal employers could also seek direct reimbursement from their contractors or subcontractors for nearly all of the cost of the benefits.22 Like the "outrageous" situation *963that existed prior to 1988; 31 **312H.R. Proc., supra, at p. 3717, remarks of Representative Adamo; principal employers would therefore exchange "very little" for their immunity. Pelletier v. Sordoni/Skanska Construction Co., supra, 264 Conn. at 522, 825 A.2d 72. Such a construction of § 31-291 would also undermine the legislature's intent to limit the instances of principal employer immunity to "isolated" cases. Id., at 525, 825 A.2d 72. Accordingly, we conclude that the term "paid compensation benefits" in § 31-291 requires a principal employer to demonstrate that it bore the cost of all of the workers' compensation benefits to an injured employee in order to obtain statutory immunity from civil actions.
Applying this construction of § 31-291 to the present case, we next determine whether there is a genuine issue of material fact with respect to whether the defendant paid, i.e. bore the cost of, all of the workers' compensation benefits to Thompson and McVay, thus entitling it to immunity under § 31-291. As noted previously, it is undisputed that the defendant paid the $1,150,465 premium for the workers' compensation coverage provided to United Anco, Instrument Sciences, and dozens of other subcontractors under the CCIP. It is also undisputed that the defendant paid a $250,000 deductible under the CCIP and a $17,500 claim handling fee to administer the benefits provided to Thompson and McVay. The plaintiffs argue, however, that the defendant recouped those costs from its subcontractors through the change order process. The plaintiffs claim that the defendant used change orders to carve its costs for the CCIP out of the subcontractors' contract prices, rather than adjusting the subcontractors' costs to reflect the fact that the CCIP relieved them of the responsibility to provide their own insurance. Thus, in the plaintiffs' view, the subcontractors actually "paid" workers' compensation benefits to Thompson and McVay, with the defendant serving as a mere intermediary. The defendant, however, responds that the change orders simply **313removed the costs that the subcontractors would have incurred to procure their own insurance, had a CCIP not been in place, from their subcontracts. The defendant contends that this price adjustment simply prevented it from "double-paying" for the subcontractors' insurance coverage. We agree with the defendant, and conclude that there is no genuine issue of material fact as to whether the defendant paid for all of the benefits provided to Thompson and McVay through the CCIP.
First, the defendant's standard subcontract and the manual demonstrate that the change orders eliminated the subcontractors' costs to procure their own insurance, rather than required the subcontractors to bear the costs of the CCIP. Both documents required the subcontractors to include a statement of their insurance costs in their bids. According to the manual, *964these costs represented the subcontractors' "normal cost[s] for the insurance coverages ... provided under the CCIP " as if "[the] CCIP insurance coverage was not provided...." (Emphasis added.) Both documents also explain that if the defendant opted to implement a CCIP, those costs would be subtracted from each subcontract through appropriate change orders. Furthermore, in the event that the subcontractor's payroll increased, the subcontractor would issue a change order to the subcontract specifying its increased payroll, as well as its increased insurance costs to complete that work, had a CCIP not been in place. The manual specifically required the subcontractors to "price [these] [c]hange [o]rders to include their [i]nsurance [c]ost[s]." (Emphasis added.) Thereafter, according to the subcontract and manual, the defendant would issue its own changes orders to subtract those additional costs from the subcontract. See footnote 8 of this opinion. At the conclusion of the performance of the contract, an audit would be performed and the "insurance credit" to the defendant would be adjusted based upon actual payrolls **314incurred in the project and the final contract amount. This "credit" would reflect any change in the subcontractor's insurance costs throughout the project. If, conversely, the subcontractor overestimated its insurance costs, the subcontractor would be "credited accordingly."
The change orders themselves reflect this understanding of the change order process. United Anco's original bid to the defendant included an insurance cost of $69,877.68. The defendant subsequently issued a change order reducing United Anco's subcontract price by that exact amount. Additionally, after the defendant implemented the CCIP, Ducci Electrical asked Instrument Sciences to provide its normal insurance cost to complete its work, because Ducci Electrical's subcontract with the defendant "was negotiated prior to [the] CCIP."23 Instrument Sciences provided an insurance cost of $19,945.95. Ducci Electrical then issued a change order to Instrument Sciences' subcontract in that exact amount. Later, when United Anco's payroll significantly increased, resulting in a new insurance cost of $1,156,604.04, the defendant issued additional change orders to deduct this exact amount from the corresponding increases in United Anco's subcontract.
The plaintiffs and the dissent have not established the existence of a genuine issue of material fact with respect to any relationship between the change orders to the subcontracts and the CCIP premium. The $1,150,465 CCIP insurance premium paid by the defendant encompassed workers' compensation coverage for dozens of subcontractors involved in the project, not just United Anco, Ducci Electrical, and Instrument Sciences. See footnote 5 of this opinion. The insurance rate to calculate this premium was $5.92 per $100 of **315payroll. This rate was used, in conjunction with the aggregate payroll for all remaining work on the project by the defendant and its subcontractors, to calculate the CCIP premium. United Anco, however, used its own insurance rate of $10.93 per $100 of payroll to calculate its insurance costs. Similarly, Ducci Electrical and Instrument Sciences used their insurance rates of $5.38 and $8.97 per $100 of payroll, respectively, to calculate their costs. Thus, United Anco's and Instrument Sciences' insurance costs, as specified in their bids and reflected in their change orders, did not directly relate to the CCIP insurance premium.
Moreover, the manual and insurance policies also confirm that the defendant *965would pay the entire cost of the workers' compensation coverage provided to all subcontractors under the CCIP. The manual states that the defendant "provides" and "will furnish" workers' compensation insurance "for the benefit of all enrolled parties." The manual characterizes the defendant as the "[s]ponsor" of the program, and explicitly states that it "pays the cost of the CCIP insurance coverage." The CCIP enrollment application further states that the "[p]remiums for [the] program are the responsibility of [the defendant ]." (Emphasis added.) Additionally, the insurance policies issued to the defendant, United Anco, and Instrument Sciences all describe the defendant as the "[s]ponsor" of the CCIP, and contain the following sentence: "This policy is issued at the direction of the [s]ponsor, who shall be solely responsible for payment of [the] premium."24 (Emphasis added.) **316Consistent with this documentary evidence, Daniel Cretella, the defendant's financial analyst, testified at his deposition that the change orders represented the subcontractors' costs to procure their own insurance for the project, had a CCIP not been in place, and not the costs of the CCIP. He testified that the change orders had "nothing to do with the cost of the CCIP" and instead represented "the particular subcontractor's cost to purchase insurance had they been purchasing insurance." He explained that the "payroll that [the subcontractors] were expending had a rate associated with [it]. That rate included the cost of insurance had they been providing the insurance. So the [change orders] carve out [those] insurance costs ... because we are now providing that." (Emphasis added.) With respect to the defendant's subsequent change orders based on the subcontractors' increased payrolls, Cretella explained that the subcontractors "estimat[e] at the start of this process what their payroll is going to be that they expend. If their payroll exceeds that ... then their cost of insurance ... would have gone up. So, therefore, the subcontract should have been reduced by that amount ...." (Emphasis added.) Cretella further testified, "[w]e back out the insurance cost that ... we were now purchasing based on their actual cost that would have been included in their bid...." (Emphasis added.) Cretella also confirmed that the defendant was "responsible for all premiums [and] all deductibles" under the policy, and that the defendant "pa[id] the premium 100 percent."25 *966Neither the plaintiffs **317nor the dissent point to any evidence in the record disputing Cretella's financial analysis of the relationship between the subcontractors' insurance costs and the CCIP.26
The plaintiffs and the dissent argue, however, that several sections of the manual support their contention that the subcontractors actually paid the costs of the CCIP through the change order process.27 They point **318to one section of the manual stating that the defendant "will, when due, on behalf of the subcontractor [s ]," pay the "CCIP [i]nsurance [a]mount" to the relevant insurance company. (Emphasis added.) The plaintiffs also note the manual contains a section titled "identifying subcontractor insurance costs" as detailing "how [the] CCIP insurance amounts are paid for. " (Emphasis added.) Lastly, the plaintiffs point to a provision of the manual stating that the subcontractors' insurance costs would be "taken against" their contracts.
We disagree with the plaintiffs' and dissent's argument that these sections of the manual raise a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the defendant bore the costs of the workers' compensation benefits provided to Thompson and McVay. The defendant did, in fact, pay the CCIP premium "on behalf of the subcontractor[s]," because the subcontractors received the benefit of workers' compensation coverage under the CCIP, rather than having to provide their own coverage. This language in the manual therefore does not suggest that the defendant served as a mere pass-through for the costs of the CCIP. Additionally, the section of the manual describing "how [the] CCIP insurance amounts are paid for" emphasizes that the defendant "pays the cost of the CCIP insurance coverage." Thus, this section of the manual does not necessarily indicate that the cost of the CCIP is calculated and paid for during the bidding and change *967order processes.28 Furthermore, the **319manual's statement that the subcontractors' insurance costs would be "taken against" their contracts does not raise a genuine question of whether the subcontractors directly reimbursed the defendant for the costs of the CCIP. The defendant had no choice but to "take" these costs "against" its subcontracts in order to avoid double paying for the subcontractors' insurance coverage.29 Otherwise, the defendant would have paid its subcontractors to provide their own insurance coverage and paid for the same coverage under the CCIP. Such "duplicative insurance coverage ... would be contrary to our long-standing public policy against economic waste." Misiti, LLC v. Travelers Property Casualty Co. of America, 308 Conn. 146, 167-68 n. 12, 61 A.3d 485 (2013) ; see also DiLullo v. Joseph, 259 Conn. 847, 854, 792 A.2d 819 (2002) ("[t]his duplication of insurance would, in our view, constitute economic waste"). We, therefore, conclude that no genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether the defendant "paid compensation benefits" to Thompson and McVay under § 31-291. Accordingly, the trial court properly rendered summary judgment in favor of the defendant on the plaintiffs' claims.
The judgment is affirmed.
**320In this opinion PALMER, ZARELLA, ESPINOSA, VERTEFEUILLE and LAVINE, Js., concurred.